In the Botswana’s context, how to assess climate change with particular emphasis on freshwater systems; the need for balancing freshwater goods & services and National Development needs
Botswana’s context: climate change – emphasis on freshwater systems
In the Botswana’s context, how to assess climate change with particular emphasis on freshwater systems. Further, the need for balancing freshwater goods & services and National Development needs. This is in a manner that freshwater resources management with all its challenges.
Needless to say, most freshwater systems globally are affect by anthropogenic and environmental threats. Challenges arise to strike a balance between competing needs of use of freshwater systems for development and for biodiversity conservation, hence the balance required through adaptive management of integrated water resources management.
More details;
Groundwater quantity and quality may be affect by climate change through intricate direct and indirect mechanisms. At the same time, population growth and rapid urbanization have made groundwater an increasingly important source of water for multiple uses around the world, including southern Africa.
The present study investigates the coupled human and natural system (CHANS) linking climate, sanitation, and groundwater quality in Ramotswa, a rapidly growing peri-urban area in the semi-arid southeastern Botswana. This relies on the transboundary Ramotswa aquifer for water supply. Analysis of long-term rainfall records indicated that droughts like the one in 2013–2016 are increasing in likelihood in the area due to climate change.
Key informant interviews showed that due to the drought, people increasingly used pit latrines rather than flush toilets. Nitrate, fecal coliforms, and also caffeine analyses of Ramotswa groundwater revealed that human waste leaching from pit latrines is the likely source of nitrate pollution. The results in conjunction indicate critical indirect linkages between climate change, sanitation, groundwater quality, and water security in the area.
Firstly, improved sanitation.
Secondly, groundwater protection and remediation.
Thirdly, local water treatment would enhance reliable access to water.
Further, de-couple the community from reliance on surface water and associated water shortage risks.
Help prevent transboundary tension over the shared aquifer.
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