Inter-Group Behaviour: Exclusion and Discrimination | My Assignment Tutor

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL & DEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOLOGY:Inter-Group Behaviour: Exclusion and DiscriminationPenny HyamsLearning ObjectivesBy the end of this session, and with some additional independent readingand research, you will have gained knowledge and understanding of thefollowing topics:• Inter-group behaviour• Inter-group boundaries• Social marginalisation, exclusion and inclusion• DiscriminationCore TextHogg, M. A., Vaughan, G. M. (2017). Socialpsychology. (8th ed.). London: Prentice Hall.ContentsSECTION 1 Recap & Q&ASECTION 2 Inter-group TheoriesSECTION 3 ComparisonSECTION 4 Inter-Group Emotions TheorySECTION 5 Discrimination and AttitudesSECTION 6 Lesson SummarySECTION 1RECAP & Q&ARecap of Lecture 9During the last lecture, we lookedat intra-group behaviour:• Groups & Group Norms• Belonging• Team Roles• Social Identity Theory• Leadershiphttps://www.ted.com/talks/itay_talgam_lead_like_the_great_conductorsItay Talgram:Lead Like the GreatConductorsSECTION 2INTER-GROUP THEORIES Introduction to Inter-Group BehaviourTASK30 mins Carry out a search using EBSCO and Google on one of the following:• Long Hot Summer Effect• Relative Deprivation• Realistic Conflict Theory / Robbers Cave ExperimentCreate two powerpoint slides that outline the following:1. Outline of the theory and key concepts2. Strengths and limitationsMake sure you use citations and add a third slide with any references (as withany academic PowerPoint)Share in the Lesson 10 Discussion Forum Using EBSCO“Virtual Psychology Labresources and information”Using EBSCO“EBSCO LibraryPsychology Resources”Using EBSCOSelect ‘Peer Reviewed’Narrow the year/s of yoursearchSelect ‘Academic Journals’ Introduction to Inter-Group BehaviourTASK30 mins Carry out a search using EBSCO and Google on one of the following:• Long Hot Summer Effect• Relative Deprivation• Realistic Conflict Theory / Robbers Cave ExperimentCreate two powerpoint slides that outline the following:1. Outline of the theory and key concepts2. Strengths and limitationsMake sure you use citations and add a third slide with any references (as withany academic PowerPoint)Share in the Lesson 10 Discussion Forum SECTION 3COMPARISONRobbers Cave Experiment• Watch the video on The Robbers Cave ExperimentInter-Group Conflict• Watch the video on Inter-Group ConflictComparisonCompare and contrast the Robbers Cave Experiment with ContactHypothesis (as outlined in the Inter-Group Conflict Video)What are the strengths of each theory? What are the limitations?ROBBERS CAVE EXPERIMENTAn example of ‘Realistic ConflictTheory’ (RTC) explaining howintergroup hostility can arise as a resultof conflicting goals and competitionover limited resourcesCONTACT HYPOTHESISSuggests that intergroup contact underappropriate conditions can effectivelyreduce prejudice between majority andminority group membersDISCUSSIONComparison‘Compare and contrast the Robbers Cave Experiment with ContactHypothesis as outlined in the Inter-Group Conflict Video’Why is comparison a useful tool during your studies?• Understanding similarities and differences between two things can increase ourunderstanding and allow us to learn more about both aspects• Comparison usually involves a process of analysis, in which we compare specificparts as well as the whole• Comparison can also form a preliminary stage of evaluation – for example bycomparing specific aspects of A and B we can decide which is more useful orvaluable• ‘X is different to Y in a number of respects…’• ‘Both X and Y share a number of key features…’SECTION 4INTER-GROUP EMOTIONS THEORYDefinition: Deindividuation“An experiential state characterized by loss ofself-awareness, altered perceptions, and areduction of inner restraints that results in theperformance of unusual and sometimesantisocial behaviour”(APA Dictionary of Psychology)Inter-group Emotions• The relaxing of restraints in crowdsand the reverting to aggressive,anti-social behavior is mediatedthrough a process ofdeindividuation (Festinger et al,1952)• Rather than acting as an individualwith personal responsibility andaccountability for one’s ownactions, when in a crowd,individualization is reversed andthe person hands overresponsibility to the groupSOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY• Henri Tajfel’s ‘Social Identity Theory’(1979) proposed that groups (e.g.social class, family, football teams etc.)which people belonged to were animportant source of pride and selfesteem• Tajfel proposed that stereotyping(putting people into groups andcategories) is based on a normalcognitive process – the tendency togroup things together• This leads us to exaggerate thedifferences between groups and thesimilarities of things in the samegroupRECAPTajfel (1979)SATISFIEDSOCIALIDENTITYPERSONAL IDENTITYDISSATISFIEDSOCIALIDENTITYdefinition of selfviafacilitates“we” “they”INTERGROUPCOMPARISONfavourable toin-groupfavourable toout-groupSOCIAL IDENTITYSOCIAL CATEGORISATIONDISTINCT SOCIAL GROUPSIN-GROUP OUT-GROUPMODEL:• Emotions in a group context areexamined through the lens ofinter-group emotions theory,developed by Mackie, Devos &Smith (2000)• Their theory suggests that groupappraisals of harm and benefitconnect with social identity toproduce positive ’in-group’ feelingsand negative ‘out-group’ feelingsQ: Do you think this could lead tohostile behavior towards the outgroup?Q: Would this result in inter-groupconflict?Inter-group Emotions QUICKQUESTIONGroup Cohesiveness• Read the Mackie, Devos & Smith (2000) article ‘Intergroup Emotions:Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context’• Post your reflections on the Discussion ForumTASKPost-LectureCollective Guilt• Collective guilt is an emotion that people experience when their socialgroup is perceived as having perpetrated immoral acts• Different intergroup inequalities can result in collective guilt – e.g.receiving unearned benefits or privileges• Individuals often try to avoid collective guilt in order to maintain apositive social identityWHAT ROLE DOES RACE PLAY?What are some examples of collectiveguilt experienced by individuals fromdifferent ethnic backgrounds?WHAT ABOUT GENDER?What are some examples of collectiveguilt experienced by men and women?What about the impact on those wiith anon-binary gender identity?Inter-Group Boundaries• Just as individuals have personalboundaries, groups can havegroup boundaries• Page 439-440 of Hogg & Vaughan(2017) gives a good explanation ofthe accentuation effect and therelative homogeneity effect whichcan both give us insight into the wayin which group boundaries areformed• Group boundaries can also be setthrough the notion of othersseeming different and therefore notpart of their group (the ‘in-group’)• The more distinctive a person’scharacteristics are, the more theyattract attention and interest – themore likely they are to be excludedand become part of the ‘out-group’SECTION 5DISCRIMINATION AND ATTITUDESDefinition: Prejudice“Unfavourable attitudetowards a social group or itsmembers”(Hogg & Vaughan, 2011)Definition: Discrimination“Negative action towards anindividual as a result of one’smembership of a particulargroup”(Dovidio & Gaertner, 2004)Definition: Stereotype“A cognitive representation orimpression of a social group thatpeople form by associating particularcharacteristics and emotions withthe group”(Smith and Mackie, 2000)ABC ModelQUICKQUESTIONHow might this model account for discrimination?ComparisonResearch the case of Ann Hopkins vs Price Waterhouse (1974)Discuss the evidence in the case and assess why this was considered sexdiscrimination in the workplaceDISCUSSIONThe Equality Act (2010)• In GB, The Government introduceda legal Act in 2010 aimed attackling prejudice anddiscrimination• This refers to nine characteristicsof people in society that areregarded as ‘protected’ fromdiscrimination:• Age• Disability• Gender reassignment• Marriage and civil partnerships• Pregnancy and maternity• Race• Religion or belief• Sex• Sexual orientationhttps://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/your-rights-under-equality-act-2010UK Employment Law: Equality and Diversity TASKPost-Lecture• Conduct your own independent research into Employment Law relatingto Equality and Diversity (E&D) in the UK• Produce a one page factsheet on how employees/employers shouldconduct themselves according to E&D employment law• Upload your factsheet to the Lesson 10 Discussion ForumHINTHINTSECTION 6LESSON SUMMARYLearning ObjectivesBy the end of this session, and with some additional independent readingand research, you will have gained knowledge and understanding of thefollowing topics:✓Inter-group behaviour✓Inter-group boundaries✓Social marginalisation, exclusion and inclusion✓DiscriminationPost-Lecture ActivitiesYou have two post-lectureactivities to complete on thediscussion forum for Lesson 10:• Intergroup Emotions• E&D Employment LawFactsheetTHANK YOUQuestions, Comments & Feedback?With special thanks to Dr Beth McManus