BIOH12012 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology:Antimicrobial Medications

Mr Bruce Walker has been admitted to the emergency department with left sided weakness and an altered speech pattern. He has a past medical history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF) and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA). He has been diagnosed with a right sided cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and commenced on an anticoagulant with regular monitoring. 

A.The nervous system has two main divisions, identify these and list their associated structures (4 marks) 

B.Discuss how the brain is supplied with blood, including the two types of arteries and the role of the Circle of Willis (6 marks) 

C.What is the blood brain barrier (BBB) and why is it important (2 marks)? 

D.List 6 modifiable and/or non-modifiable risk factors for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (3 marks)  

E.What differentiates a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) from a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)? (2 marks)  

F.Identify and discuss the different types of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) including their pathophysiology (12 marks) 

G.Mr Bruce Walker was prescribed apixaban. Warfarin and apixaban can both be used in CVA prevention. Provide a rationale for why apixaban was chosen, referring to the pharmacology of these medications (6 marks)

Mr Harry Smith is a 36-year-old who has been in an MVA (motor vehicle accident), resulting in numerous abrasions and several fractures. On presentation to the emergency department his pain score is 8/10. The MO (medical officer) has prescribed the following medications: fentanyl, oxycodone, paracetamol and ibuprofen. Cefazolin and metronidazole have been administered. 

Please respond to the following questions:  

A.Explain the process of bone healing, referring to the 4 different stages (6 marks)

B.List six different types of fractures (3 marks)

C.What is an ORIF? Demonstrate your understanding of this intervention and when it is required (4 marks)

D.The nurse prepares to administer fentanyl to Mr Harry Smith. Provide a rationale as to why this medication is appropriate, and how it works.
Refer to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. (8 marks)

E.Explain why metronidazole and cephazolin are commonly given together (4 marks)

F.Using your understanding of pharmacology, explain the rationale for using paracetamol, ibuprofen and opioid analgesics together in patients
with moderate-severe pain (8 marks)

G.Explain why it is recommend that patients take NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) with or soon after food (2 marks)

A.What are microorganisms, what are bacteria and how do they cause infections? (6 marks)? 

B.What are antibiotics and how do they work? Please include in your response the principles of antimicrobial medications and one example of how a specific antibiotic works (6 marks) 

C. Explain why gas transport is important for all cells in the body and discuss the four steps of the gas transport process (6 marks) 

D. Explain the pathophysiology of asthma. Include in your response the pathophysiological changes that occur in the pulmonary system and identify three (3) associated signs/symptoms (6 marks)

E. What is salbutamol and how does this medication work to reduce the signs and symptoms of asthma? (6 marks) 

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