Peter B Smith; Shaun Dugan
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Mar96, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p231
NATIONAL CULTURE AND THE VALUES OF ORGANIZATIONAL EMPLOYEES
A Dimensional Analysis Across 43 Nations
The values of 8,841 managers and organization employees from 43 countries were
surveyed. The range of nations included paralleled many of those surveyed by Hofstede
(1980) but added also substantial samples from ex-communist nations. Questionnaire
items focused primarily on measures of universalism-particularism, achievementascription, and individualism-collectivism Multidimensional scaling of country means
revealed three interpretable dimensions. The relation of these dimensions to the results of
earlier large-scale surveys and to a variety of demographic indexes is explored. It is
found that there are continuing substantial differences in modal cultural values of
organization employees and that these are largely consistent with differe
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