Advanced Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Population Health
NRNP 6568 – Week 6 Study Notes
Advanced Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Population Health
1. Introduction
Health promotion and disease prevention are core responsibilities of Nurse Practitioners (NPs). Beyond treating illness, NPs must proactively address risk factors, encourage healthy behaviors, and design interventions that improve population health. Week 6 emphasizes preventive care, screening guidelines, health education, and community-based strategies.
2. Foundations of Health Promotion
Definition: Process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over their health.
Goals:
Reduce morbidity and mortality.
Improve quality of life.
Empower patients through education.
Levels of Prevention:
Primary: Prevent disease before occurrence (vaccination, lifestyle counseling).
Secondary: Early detection (screening tests).
Tertiary: Reduce complications (rehabilitation, chronic disease management).
3. Theoretical Models of Health Promotion
Health Belief Model (HBM): Behavior influenced by perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change): Precontemplation → Contemplation → Preparation → Action → Maintenance.
Social Cognitive Theory: Behavior shaped by self-efficacy, observational learning, and reinforcement.
Ecological Model: Health influenced by individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors.
4. Screening and Preventive Guidelines
Cardiovascular:
BP screening annually.
Lipid panel every 4–6 years (adults).
Cancer:
Mammogram: Women ≥40–50 depending on guidelines.
Pap smear: Every 3 years (ages 21–65).
Colonoscopy: Every 10 years starting at 45–50.
Metabolic:
Diabetes screening: Adults ≥45 or earlier with risk factors.
Infectious Disease:
HIV screening: At least once for all adults.
Hepatitis C screening: Adults born 1945–1965.
Immunizations:
Influenza annually.
Tdap every 10 years.
COVID-19 per current recommendations.
5. Lifestyle Interventions
Nutrition: Encourage balanced diet, limit processed foods, promote fruits/vegetables.
Physical Activity: 150 minutes moderate exercise weekly.
Substance Use: Counsel on smoking cessation, alcohol moderation.
Stress Management: Mindfulness, counseling, social support.
Sleep Hygiene: 7–9 hours nightly, consistent schedule.
6. Chronic Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular Disease: Control BP, cholesterol, diabetes, encourage exercise.
Diabetes: Promote weight management, healthy diet, regular screening.
Cancer: Encourage screenings, HPV vaccination, lifestyle modification.
Respiratory Disease: Smoking cessation, pollution avoidance.
7. Population Health Concepts
Definition: Health outcomes of groups, including distribution of outcomes.
Determinants of Health:
Social: Education, income, employment.
Environmental: Housing, pollution, access to care.
Behavioral: Diet, exercise, substance use.
Biological: Genetics, age, sex.
Health Disparities: Differences in outcomes across populations due to inequities.
8. Role of Nurse Practitioners in Population Health
Provide preventive services.
Advocate for equitable access.
Lead community health initiatives.
Collect and analyze population data.
Collaborate with public health agencies.
9. Community-Based Interventions
Examples:
Smoking cessation programs.
School-based nutrition education.
Vaccination campaigns.
Mobile clinics for underserved areas.
Strategies:
Engage stakeholders.
Tailor interventions to cultural context.
Evaluate outcomes.
10. Health Policy and Advocacy
NPs influence policy by:
Supporting legislation for preventive care coverage.
Advocating for full practice authority.
Promoting funding for community health programs.
Policy impacts access, affordability, and quality of preventive services.
11. Case Example
Scenario: NP in rural clinic identifies high rates of obesity and diabetes.
Intervention: Launches community walking program, nutrition workshops, and screening events.
Outcome: Increased physical activity, improved BMI, earlier detection of diabetes.
12. Evidence-Based Practice in Prevention
Use USPSTF guidelines for screenings.
Apply CDC recommendations for immunizations.
Incorporate patient preferences into preventive plans.
13. Ethical Considerations
Autonomy: Respect patient choices in lifestyle.
Justice: Ensure equitable access to preventive services.
Beneficence: Promote interventions that benefit patients.
Nonmaleficence: Avoid unnecessary or harmful screenings.
14. Interprofessional Collaboration
Work with physicians, dietitians, social workers, public health officials.
Collaboration enhances reach and effectiveness of preventive programs.
15. Summary
Health promotion and disease prevention are central to NP practice.
Screening, lifestyle interventions, and population health strategies reduce disease burden.
NPs must integrate evidence-based guidelines, cultural competence, and advocacy into preventive care.
Quiz: NRNP 6568 Week 6 (15 Questions)
Instructions: Multiple-choice format. Select the best answer.
Primary prevention aims to:
a) Detect disease early
b) Prevent disease before occurrence
c) Reduce complications
d) Provide rehabilitation
The Health Belief Model emphasizes:
a) Self-efficacy
b) Perceived susceptibility and severity
c) Observational learning
d) Social determinants
Which screening is recommended every 10 years starting at age 45–50?
a) Pap smear
b) Colonoscopy
c) Mammogram
d) Lipid panel
The Transtheoretical Model includes which stage?
a) Diagnosis
b) Precontemplation
c) Rehabilitation
d) Termination only
Which vaccine is recommended annually?
a) Tdap
b) Influenza
c) Hepatitis B
d) HPV
Secondary prevention focuses on:
a) Lifestyle counseling
b) Screening and early detection
c) Rehabilitation
d) Immunization
Which determinant of health includes education and income?
a) Biological
b) Social
c) Environmental
d) Behavioral
Smoking cessation is an example of:
a) Primary prevention
b) Secondary prevention
c) Tertiary prevention
d) None
Which organization provides preventive screening guidelines?
a) USPSTF
b) DEA
c) AMA
d) FDA
Which principle requires equitable access to preventive services?
a) Autonomy
b) Justice
c) Beneficence
d) Nonmaleficence
Which chronic disease prevention strategy involves controlling BP and cholesterol?
a) Diabetes prevention
b) Cardiovascular disease prevention
c) Cancer prevention
d) Respiratory disease prevention
Which screening is recommended for adults born 1945–1965?
a) HIV
b) Hepatitis C
c) Diabetes
d) Lipid panel
Which model emphasizes observational learning?
a) Health Belief Model
b) Social Cognitive Theory
c) Transtheoretical Model
d) Ecological Model
Which ethical principle requires avoiding unnecessary screenings?
a) Autonomy
b) Nonmaleficence
c) Justice
d) Beneficence