Introduction Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one of the most widely practiced and researched forms of psychotherapy. It is a structured, time‑limited, and goal‑oriented approach that focuses on the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge distorted thinking patterns, modify maladaptive behaviors, and develop healthier coping strategies. CBT is effective across a wide range of psychiatric and medical conditions, including […]
Introduction Person‑centered psychotherapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes the therapeutic relationship as the primary vehicle for change. Unlike directive or technique‑driven therapies, person‑centered therapy relies on the therapist’s ability to create a safe, empathetic, and authentic environment. Central to this approach is the therapist’s personality — not as a neutral backdrop, but as an active, genuine presence that shapes the therapeutic process. Core Principles of […]
Introduction Surveys are one of the most widely used tools in academic research, business, education, and social sciences. They allow researchers to collect data from a sample of individuals in order to make inferences about larger populations. In the context of ENGL220, learning how to design effective surveys and interpret their results is crucial for developing strong research and communication skills. This set of notes […]
Introduction The STEM270 Case Study Rubric is a structured evaluation tool used to assess student performance in case study assignments. Rubrics provide clear criteria for grading, ensuring fairness, transparency, and consistency. In STEM270, the rubric emphasizes critical thinking, ethical reasoning, stakeholder analysis, and communication skills. Understanding the rubric is essential for students to meet expectations and excel in their coursework. Purpose of the Rubric Clarifies […]
Introduction The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD‑10), is a standardized coding system used worldwide to classify diseases, conditions, and health‑related problems. Within obstetrics, ICD‑10 provides specific categories for maternal care related to known or suspected fetal abnormalities and damage. These codes are essential for accurate documentation, billing, epidemiological tracking, and guiding clinical care. The primary category relevant to fetal abnormalities is O35: Maternal […]
The Lynch & Cicchetti article develops an ecological‑transactional model to explain how child maltreatment and community violence interact over time to shape children’s psychological outcomes. Core Summary Nested ecological contexts: The authors conceptualize children’s environments as layered systems (family, community, broader society), each exerting influence with varying proximity to the child. Transactional processes: Child development is seen as a dynamic interplay between risk factors (like […]
Introduction David Finkelhor is one of the most prominent researchers in the field of child sexual abuse (CSA). His work has shaped both theoretical understanding and practical approaches to prevention. Two of his most influential contributions are: The Preconditions Model of Child Sexual Abuse (1984) Research on Prevention Strategies (1990s–2000s) These notes provide a detailed overview of Finkelhor’s theories, empirical findings, critiques, and implications for […]
Introduction Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the non‑medical factors that influence health outcomes. They include conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources. For nurses, understanding and addressing SDOH is essential to delivering holistic, equitable care. However, numerous barriers and challenges hinder effective integration of SDOH into nursing practice. This document explores […]
Introduction Criminal law is built upon foundational principles that determine liability and punishment. Three of the most critical concepts are actus reus (the guilty act), mens rea (the guilty mind), and corpus delicti (the body of the crime). Together, they form the framework for understanding how crimes are defined, prosecuted, and adjudicated. This set of notes explores each concept in depth, tracing historical development, theoretical […]
1. Background Paul C. Bernhardt is affiliated with Frostburg State University. His research bridges psychology, linguistics, and education, focusing on how people learn, process language, and develop critical thinking skills. He has collaborated with scholars in psychology and linguistics, contributing to both empirical studies and applied educational practices. 2. Key Themes in His Work Critical Thinking in Education Bernhardt co‑authored studies on teaching and assessing […]