impact of social determinants of health | My Assignment Tutor

Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze the impact of social determinants of health including environmental and behavioral factors in older people of Australia. This report also includes effective health promotion interventions. Chronic Kidney disease is increasing in older people in Australia, and people of age 65 and above have three times higher risk than other population that is associated with social, economic, and cultural difference, and health inequalities in old people (Liotta, 2018). Thus, public health intervention or health promotion is necessary to address these challenges and to reduce health inequalities. Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Old People It has been found that 1.7 million or around 10% of Australian adults have biomedical signs of chronic kidney disease that were similar in both men and women. However, it has observed that the risk of CKD has increased in older people age 65 or above. Also, people at the age of 75 and above have a higher risk than people of age between of 65 to 74 (AIHW, 2020). New cases of CKD have increased after 2013 and it has been calculated that 14 new cases of CKD occurring per day. The number has increased for old people. 13 to 145 cases per 100000 population found in people between 65 to 74 years old. The contribution of CKD in terms of fatal and non-fatal has increased after 2003. It has been found that CKD is among the seven leading diseases in old people. As people grow old, they observed impaired kidney function that contributes to the burden of CKD and other chronic diseases. It has been found that impaired kidney function contributed to 2.1% of the total disease burden in 2015, which can be prevented if people had not developed kidney disease. National Mortality Database of Australia explains that 16800 people have been died in 2018 due to CKD (AIHW, 2020). CKD has under-reported as the cause of death, a collective data shows that 53% of patients with CKD who received KRT have died in the period of 1997 to 2013. 17 % or 1.9 million cases of hospitalization between of 2017 to 2018 have been related to CKD in Australia. And numbers of hospitalization cases have doubled since 2000 (AIHW, 2020). Influence of Social determinant of Health on the Burden of CKD in Old people It has been found that the contributing factors of CKD in old Australians vary according to their geographical, local, socio-economic condition, and accessibility to transport. Evidence suggests that in older people social determinants that contributed to the burden of CKD are the economic status of old people, social support, environmental condition. The risk of CKD can be seen more in low-income old people or living in remote areas. It has been found that old people do not have employment or income to maintain a healthy lifestyle. In old people mortality rate increased with the decrement of employment rate. Unemployment causes frequent stress, inability to adapt to the changes and affects the welling of old people that further leads to a chronic health condition such as CKD. The risk of CKD also increases when people are not able to afford the healthcare services and required treatment. It has been found that social support is essential for old people to maintain a healthy life and for emotional wellbeing. In addition, social support has been found to associates with the enhancement of treatment, improved perceptions, and increase the morale of old people (Norton, 2021). However, data suggest that 45% of total old people or 2 in 5 live alone in Australia with no or less support (AIHW, 2018). Hence, it is clear that due to the less social support risk of CKD increased in old people). Living Conditions, lifestyle, and environment also affect the health of old people. It has been observed that in old people diabetes, obesity, and lifestyle have contributed to increasing the burden of disease. Patient type-2 diabetes has a higher risk of developing CKD. These living conditions such as environmental factors, neighborhood, and community also affect the health of old people (Venuthurupalli et al., 2018). Study shows that due to the physical disabilities and health issues old people do not have easy access to care that also contribute to increasing the risk of CKD (van Gaans&Dent, 2018). Public Health Intervention and collaborations Population-based intervention to prevent the risk of CKD can be initiated at all levels of government and non-government healthcare organizations and there must be monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. These interventions may include the laws, policies, and regulations, improvement in living environment for old people, community-based interventions, and public health awareness. Also, guide and aware the people for live healthy life to eat healthy diet and do exercise which is helpful for the old population. To improve the health condition of old people against CDK it is important to have easy access to healthcare services. No doubt, CKD is harmful but is treatable disease it damage slowly to kidney function but, with the access of intervention old people are aware for instance ehealth intervention which provide the health information, enhance the quality of healthcare and also encourage to the old people to adoption of health behaviors.. Thus, laws and policies-based intervention are essential for them.  As almost half of old Australians live alone, the government must introduce effective laws and policies to empower the old people and to improve access to primary healthcare. These policies must include the laws and regulations that can provide economical support to old people in terms of low or free access to care with effective health insurance policies. Use of alcohol and smoking is common in old people that contributed to various health disease including CKD, thus, a policy intervention can be effective to monitor the health of old people and for the health promotion (van Dale et al., 2020).Collaborations is refer to enhance to promote and save the health issues for a common purpose and it also involve to exchanging the information and share the various resources which is most helpful for the chronic diseases. Pharmacists play primary to working in collaboration as compared to medical practitioner  because pharmacist intervention are boost antihypertensive regimens and they also advice to taking medicine correctly in time (Peter et al, 2011). However, hypertension and blood pressure is the main cause of CKD in old population. Conclusion Basis on the above report it can be concluded that the burden of CKD is high in old people. 10 % of the Australian population having the symptom of CKD and risk has been found double in old people of age 65 and above. CKD is a deadly disease for old people that more than 16000 people have died in 2018 with this disease and it has contributed to 17% of total hospitalization in Australia. The main causes of the increased number of CKD cases in old people are their living socio-economic status, access to care, and lifestyle. Thus, public health intervention is required for CKD care including effective policies for their accessibility to treatment, economic, and social support for old people. These intervention types of intervention have significant role in the chronic diseases. With the help of these intervention we should reduced the CKD. References AIHW. (2018). Older Australia at a glance. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/health-aged-care-service-use/aged-care-assessments AIHW. (2020). Chronic kidney disease. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/chronic-kidney-disease Norton, J. M. (2021). Social determinants of racial and socioeconomic disparities in CKD and ESRD. Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease, 49-88. Peter, W. L. S., Farley, T. M., & Carter, B. L. (2011). Role of collaborative care models including pharmacists in improving blood pressure management in chronic kidney disease patients. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 20(5), 498-503 Liotta, M. (2018). Kidney disease on the rise among older Australians: AIHW report. Retrieved from: https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/kidney-disease-on-the-rise-among-older-australians#:~:text=Chronic%20kidney%20disease%20is%20increasing,Health%20and%20Welfare%20has%20found van Dale, D., Lemmens, L., Hendriksen, M., Savolainen, N., Nagy, P., Marosi, E., … & Rogers, H. L. (2020). Recommendations for Effective Intersectoral Collaboration in Health Promotion Interventions: Results from Joint Action CHRODIS-PLUS Work Package 5 Activities. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6474. van Gaans, D., & Dent, E. (2018). Issues of accessibility to health services by older Australians: a review. Public health reviews, 39(1), 1-16. Venuthurupalli, S. K., Hoy, W. E., Healy, H. G., Cameron, A., &Fassett, R. G. (2018). CKD screening and surveillance in Australia: past, present, and future. Kidney international reports, 3(1), 36-46.