Principles and Methods for Epidemiology | My Assignment Tutor

Examination Question Paper Module Code:HS7005Component No:001Paper Type:EXA1/2/3 OR ICA1/2/3Module Title:Module Title: Principles and Methods for EpidemiologyTermTerm 2Level:7Credits:15Date:Time:Duration:2 hours Instruction to Candidates: On each answer book write: your full 7 digit student enrolment number – as on your Student ID cardthe title of the module and the module code, as abovethe number of the questions answered Do not write your name on the answer book, only student number. Please mark your answers clearly and legibly on the answer sheet. Do not turn over until instructed to do so by the invigilator. If you require clarification, please speak with an Invigilator. For this exam you will require the following : Calculators …ü….. Case study ………… Graph paper ……….. Formula sheet ………… Pencil – MCQ ……….. Examination Questions Answer all questions The table below shows data for maternal exposures and hypertension in children in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. ExposuresChildhood HypertensionYesNoMaternal SmokingNo5687481Yes2151648Maternal ObesityNo12588327Yes189349 Calculate appropriate measures of association and provide a written interpretation of the data. [8 marks] Explain the potential role of other maternal exposures and potential confounders that are not included in the table. [5 marks] The table below shows results for the ‘visual field analyser’ designed to identify signs of glaucoma. This test data is shown with results from a full clinical examination to confirm cases. Use the data in the table to calculate appropriate statistics to assess the usefulness of the visual field analyser and provide a written interpretation of these statistics. Visual field analyserGlaucoma (confirmed by clinical examination)No Glaucoma (confirmed by clinical examination)Test Positive27192Test Negative151935 [8 marks] Consider the following research question: “Is childhood socioeconomic status associated with frailty in adults aged over 65 years old?” Describe an appropriate study design and measure of association for addressing this research question. [5 marks] Critique the strengths and weaknesses of this study design. [6 marks] The data in the table below are from a cohort study investigating the relationship between obesity (exposure) and the risk of different cancers (outcomes). Unadjusted risk ratios (RR) are shown with 95% confidence intervals. Risk ratios adjusted for demographic factors are also provided. Cancers (Outcomes)Unadjusted RR (95% CI)Adjusted RR (95% CI)Colon1.49 (1.09–2.03)1.40 (0.92–2.01)Oesophagus2.54 (1.89 to 3.41)1.70 (0.98–2.95)Liver2.96 (1.41–6.19)2.93 (1.40–6.14)Kidney1.52 (1.31 to 1.77)1.46 (1.21–1.67) Provide a written interpretation of the data in the table with reference to risk ratios and confidence intervals. [6 marks] Discuss potential sources of error and bias in this study. [5 marks] From the following description, identify the study design and discuss the strengths and limitations of the study described: A group of patients with Type 2 diabetes is matched to a group of patients without diabetes. Their physical activity levels over the course of their lives are compared. Based on this information, researchers compute the odds of regular physical activity among patients with diabetes compared to the odds of regular physical activity among those without diabetes. [7 marks] End of Paper