Wide-Body Aircraft And United States Essay Help Services

Boeing Vs. Airbus

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One of the recurring trade disputes between the United States and Europe concerns the rivalry between Airbus and Boeing in the market for wide-body aircraft. Airbus first began production of aircraft in the early 1970s with substantial financial assistance from European governments. As Airbus succeeded in making inroads into many of Boeings markets, Boeing alleged that Airbus benefited from unfair subsidies and has pressured US trade authorities to counteract Europes financial support. As a result, the United States and European Community signed an agreement on trade in civil aircraft in 1992 that limited government subsides for aircraft production. This agreement, however, has come under new strain as Airbus introduces the A-380 super-jumbo aircraft designed to compete directly against the Boeing 747.

This paper has taken an empirical look at international competition and trade disputes in the wide-body aircraft market. We began by estimating the demand for wide-body aircraft and firm markups under various assumptions on the mode of competition. This exercise yields several insights into the wide-body aircraft market. First, we find evidence of significant market segmentation between the medium- and long-range wide-body planes, consistent with the anecdotal evidence on the near monopoly position enjoyed by the Boeing 747 in the long-range market until the early 1990s. Second, despite the small number of firms in the industry, market competition has intensified (we estimate higher demand elasticities and lower markups over time), especially with the entry of new aircraft varieties. Third, the markup estimates implied by the Bertrand and Cournot competition are relatively similar. This might be explained by the growing presence of multi-product firms in the industry. As producers expand the range of products, their incentive to aggressively underbid their rivals is diminished, since price cuts might also hurt their own sales of other products.

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When Sports and Politics Collide

When Sports and Politics Collide

Introduction

This essay intends to discuss the argument that sport and politics are inextricably linked. To do so, the following will look at sport in a social context and briefly examine the ideologies behind the current policy makers’ agenda toward sport in the UK. It will then offer an alternative view of sports policy under Capitalism and the argument that Government policy on sports promotion is a cynical attempt at social engineering to maintain a healthy workforce. The essay will then look at South Africa’s historical Apartheid policies and how these impacted not only nationally, but globally on both sportsmen and sport

It is important to remember when discussing sport, that sport and sporting activities take place within a social context. Sport does not exist in a vacuum but rather there are social and cultural mores (Coakley, Pike 2009), generally expressed through Government policy that impact on individuals and groups and the activities they choose to participate in. Arguably then, the type of society and how it is governed i.e., through social policy, will impact and model the motivations and behaviours of those individuals and groups living within that society. (Defra, 2010) If it is accepted then that any social policy is intended to make a given ‘society a “better society”’ (Titmuss, 1977) then it is useful to examine the political ideologies that underpin those policy decisions, particularly in relation to sport.

In the developed western world we live in, essentially democratic Capitalist societies, where sport and sporting culture are promoted as ‘a good thing’ (Nicholson, et al, 2011). In Britain the current UK right of centre coalition Government promote the culture of sport through its various Social and Health policies i.e, The Health and Social Care Act (2012) and The Public Health Act (2010). This promotion

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Boeing Sees The Light

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March 2006

Boeing Sees the Light;

Is it the end of the tunnel or a landing A340?

This last decade of the 20th century was demoralizing for Boeing, the worldвЂs leading manufacturer of mainline commercial aircraft. Beginning in 2000, when its only major aircraft competitor, Airbus S.A.S, received more orders and then followed with delivering more planes in 2003, Boeing additionally has had to deal with the impact of rising fuel costs, multiple CEOs dismissed for unethical behavior, World Trade Organization lawsuits, and the negative effect September 11th had on air travel.

Nevertheless, 1Q06 results for Boeing portray a company with a substantial increase in profits and an increase in order backlog of 42% to a record $213bnn. Boeing further regained its world dominance in 2005 by reversing the trend of the past 5 years and outselling Airbus, when measured by the value of new aircraft orders. Deliveries are up by 40%, operating earnings increased by 81%, and their operating margin improved from 8.2 to 10 percent (Done, 2006).

What changes were undertaken by Boeing to re-establish its market position and profit stability, can they be sustained, and is BoeingвЂs current global market outlook in-synch with its customers, the international airline community?

Desperate Times Call for Desperate Measures

Analysts consistently attribute part of BoeingвЂs “turn-around” to the hiring of James McNerney, Jr. in June 2005, as Chairman, CEO and President. A product of Yale University and Harvard Business School, McNerney has established himself as someone who knows how to manufacture more efficiently and profitability, which will impact BoeingвЂs commercial aircraft division, and increase revenues from the acquisition and execution of government contracts. He has knowledge of BoeingвЂs markets and a record of improving profits through combined operating efficiency and capital discipline (Lozier, 2006).

Manufacturing efficiency was a dominant factor in improving the companyвЂs profitability. From a previous productivity low of four planes per 1000 employees in 1996, Boeing increased production to seven planes per 1000 employees in 2005, with estimates of 10 planes per 1000 employees by EOY 2008 (Wood, 2006). In general, these increases can be attributed to the new management team now headed by McNerney, fostering improved economies of scale associated with sales increases, rising employee productivity, enhanced information management systems, and a manufacturing strategy that shares risk with providers in exchange for the potential of larger rewards down the line.

Manufacturing for BoeingвЂs 787 “Dreamliner” program will move even further away from the well-established tradition of sourcing assemblies to sourcing entire subsections of the craft, involving manufacturing alliances at 135 sites around the world. By collaborating with the sub-section manufacturers, Boeing can share R&D responsibilities and establish international long-term relationships with its suppliers and their respective governments who, in many instances, are also their customers (Earls, 2006). In support of this effort, Boeing has developed a converted 747-400 into a 747-400LCF (Large Cargo Freighter) to transport the assembled subsections for the new 787 from their manufacturer to its assembly site (Runte, 2006).

These manufacturing “relationships” often take the form of acquiring a valued supplier by Boeing as part of a strategic plan to build “an integrated services portfolio,” according to one Boeing spokesperson. Their attempt is to leverage the strengths of synergistic suppliers in order to maintain cost controls and product integrity while enhancing their customerвЂs perception of Boeing as a “total service provider” (Boeing Website. “Supplier Diversity is Key to doing Business in the Global Century”). The technological platform for such enhanced customer support is BoeingвЂs integrated website for ordering and tracking spare parts, myboeingfleet.com, made assessable free-of-charge from any fleet management office to ensure ease of use (Elser, 2000).

One final cost-management activity Boeing has undertaken is the outsourcing of back-office support activities where viable and cost-effective. A definitive example of their efforts was the creation of an enterprise agreement between Boeing and Intrepid Learning Systems (2003) for the training of BoeingвЂs 55,000 plus employee base. To date, the relationship has resulted in a 38% reduction in course design and development, a 25% reduction in training delivery costs, and served as a catalyst for enhanced training applications with the influx of new ideas (Institute of Management and Administration [IOMA], 2003).

Maintaining Strength within an Enigmatic Airline Industry

“It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change.” — Charles Darwin

Like all businesses, nothing happens until something is sold, and with Boeing Commercial Air serving an extremely volatile airline industry, strategic planning and operations must be as efficient and effective as possible, while remaining flexible to the evolving needs of their customer base. Overall, analysts agree the fundamental outlook for the global airline industry will see an increasing demand for passenger flights, as the recovery from the declines triggered by events such as 9/11 and SARS continues. At issue, particularly with regard to the duopolistic battles between Airbus and BCA, is which market segments will substantiate their growth requiring what type of aircraft.

Airbus has staked its claim on a hub-and spoke strategy, based upon analysis of Europe-Asian traffic and North American hubbed international traffic (Airbus Website, Global Market Forecast 2004-2023). Such supports their product line strategy focused on high capacity wide-body aircraft, even though their four-engines have a substantial impact on fuel efficiency in times of rising costs, and are often deemed a “gas-guzzler” (Holmes, 2005).

Conversely, BoeingвЂs strategic focus is on the point-to-point flight market, with differentiations made for legacy carriers versus low-cost carriers (Boeing Website, Current Market Outlook). They anticipate that commercial air travelers would rather fly non-stop to their destinations, avoiding the standard connection through major hubs onto smaller jets.

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Bolivia

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Summary

The article in the New York Times talks about the agreement between the Energy companies and the government of Bolivia based on which the energy companies will now be giving a larger share of their revenues to the Bolivian government.

Bolivia, the poorest country in the South American region has been waging a hard battle to get the control of its natural resources. Its President Evo Morales has finally clinched the deal with the companies that makes his position stronger and will in the long run help the economy of Bolivia. He claimed that the revenues from the sector to the government will go up from $1 Billion to $4 Billion in the next 4 years. This also marks as a major win for his political career as most people were critical about his plans saying that they will not succeed. He has embarked on a journey to get back the natural resources of Bolivia from the foreign companies and strengthen the economy.

In a signing ceremony he said “What we are doing here is exercising our property rights, as Bolivians, over our natural resources without evicting anyone, without confiscating,” he said. “With these new contracts we want to generate more economic resources to solve the economic and social problems of our country. Thats our great wish.”

However, as a part of South America it is setting and following a precedent set by Venezuela and Ecuador. Whether this is something that will go on in other countries is a discussion I will have in the next section.

The talks started after the declaration by Mr. Morales that his government will take over the Energy Resources of the country and the companies were given a 6 month time frame where they must hand over their majority stakes to the government or move out of Bolivia. The article also talks about the time consuming and tense talks and how the agreement was signed a few minutes before the deadline.

Relevance to the Module (Globalization)

Globalization as we know it means that trade prospers across all borders and helps the world get richer and be a better place for everyone. However, in case of some countries, this is not true and that is why we have a lot of people opposing world trade.

World trade and the WTO would rather find the case in Bolivia to be alarming. If foreign investors are forced to partake with their earnings only because they are doing business in another country, then in a few years, all the poorer countries of the world will start asking all the rich organizations to give all their profits to them as taxes. Of course, this is not possible. However, till a few years back until Venezuela Ecuador and a few other countries started forcing foreign companies to give up their rights and share more with the governments nobody would have thought of this being possible. World trade and Globalization cannot work if governments start forcing foreign companies to give up stakes and start sharing profits.

When a company makes an investment in another country, it makes its decision based on many factors. One of them is safety and profitability. If the country is deemed dangerous, most companies will aim for a higher profit to justify the investment. However, with the progress that we are making, in a few years, most companies will have lots of choice about where they can invest – economies will open up and the communication systems have helped the world economy grow big as distances have become smaller.

However, in this case, the resource is Oil and Natural Gas and with the scarcity and the high demand forcing prices of oil higher and higher, there is continued need and desperation by everyone to make money in the oil business. It is no surprise that the Bolivian government has made that decision in spite of knowing that will alienate many other investors to the country. The profits from the take over of the oil and gas resources are going to be $4 Billion a year in 4 years time, and that is a big number for $10 Billion economy (World Bank, 2005 GDP). The additional 3 Billion a year mean that the government will have an additional $3 Billion a year to spend on the infrastructure and many other areas of improvement in Bolivia.

Article Critique

The article does not capture the picture in the holistic sense of Bolivia as a country. The article remains at a high level talking about he politics and the timing of the talks etc but loses out completely on talking about how this will positively impact the economy of the country. It also fails to look at how this might affect the countries in Africa, where the poverty level are much worse and there are already issues about oil companies not doing enough in the country of operation. Nigeria is an example where Shell is continuously having issues with the locals and even has at times had to shut down its plants to ensure the safety of its employees.

Overall, the article misses to talk about anything apart from just reporting

Morrison Knudsen And Key Strategic Advantage extended essay help biology: extended essay help biology

Bombardier Case Hbs

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Bombardier

Bombardier’s key strategic advantage is its established reputation of quality, reliability and customer service which has been built painfully over the last 20 years. Its strategy relies on maintaining control of the design and the manufacturing of the shell – the core activities of the production pipeline. TEG outsourced about 60% of its non-critical activities but still places high priority on keeping control of the engineering and integration of the system, critical to controlling the quality, cost, and delivery time. This close control enables it to respond effectively to changes in customer demand but still provide on-time delivery.

The key disadvantages for Bombardier will be the fact that it does not have a significant manufacturing presence in the US. In addition, the company has been losing ground to competitors who have been spending a lot more on marketing and not relying on just quality and reliability of their service.

Morrison Knudsen

Morrison Knudsen’s key strategic advantage is its long history of operating in allied sectors that helped it to enter the rail car industry. The company has become excellent at project management and is good at winning contracts and outsourcing a significant portion of the work to third party contractors.

Since the design and manufacturing are outsourced MK has ceded some control over product quality and delivery control.

Strategy –

Morrison Knudsen has been rebuilding used locomotives and rail cars since 1982. The railroad division of the company specialized in building and electrifying railroad track and maintaining railroad yards and terminals. This strong presence in railroads gave the company marketing and political clout. In any contract that the company bid for, its strategy was the encircle the client with contacts from several divisions.

By operating in all parts of the value chain, it gave the authorities (customers) a one stop shop. In addition, it entered the industry aggressively to demonstrate its intent and aggressively bid for high profile contracts and those which the company believed would be influenced by political clout. The company then uses the fact that it manufactures/assembles locally to further influence its bids.

Bombardier’s response

Bombardier has a strong reputation

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Bond-A-Matic 2000

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This is to recommend the initiation of a marketing plan for the Bond-A-Matic 2000 (BAM) beginning in 1979. The total cost of the plan is estimated to be $81,000 (see exhibit 1) which is in addition to the projected Super Bond marketing plan for FY79. The target audiences for the plan are small to midsized companies that are non users and companies that are CA users that will benefit from using the BAM. The objectives of the plan will be to increase brand awareness, educate non-current users of the advantages of CA adhesives (Super Bond) as well as the advantages of dispensing equipment, and to increase awareness of the BAM among current users. The plan will utilize direct mail that will be reinforced by future Super Bonder advertising.

The BAM should not be considered as a stand alone product but as a complementary product to Super Bond adhesives. The focus of the plan is to use the BAM as a method of introducing new users to instant adhesives and to react to the expressed interest of current CA users in improved dispensing techniques. Brand loyalty will be strengthened once the end user begins to use the BAM in conjunction with Super Bond adhesives. Also, it is recommended to continue the use of the Loctite logo on the BAM to strengthen brand identity. In order to avoid competition with the Systems Divisions line of applicators, the plan will focus on small to midsized companies within SICs 20 through 39 that use less than five (5) pounds of adhesive per year. The assumption is that a company using five (5) pounds or more of adhesive per year are already using or have been introduced to the Systems Divisions applicators. The top 4 industries providing the highest percentages of potential users are selected to receive a mailing (see exhibit 2). This will result in mailing over 14,000 packets and, assuming a 10% sale conversion rate, will result in over 1400 sales.

The direct mail packet will focus on the advantages of the BAM and the Gluematic dispenser tip as well as communicating the benefits of instant adhesives. Although print advertising is too broad to successfully market the BAM separately; it

Bond Markets And Bond Market extended essay help biology

Bond Markets

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Bond Markets

A bond is a debt security, or basically a loan, that an investor makes to a corporation, a government, an agency, or municipalities. In return for up-front cash, a corporation or government promises to make specific payments to a bondholder on specific dates. The bondholder can not only expect fixed payments but also the principle repayment when the bond reaches its maturity date (The Bond Market, 2002). A bond is considered a fixed-income security because the investor knows the exact amount of cash that will be paid back if the bond is held until maturity.

A bond market is a financial marketplace where investors can purchase and sell various types of bonds or debt securities. It can be categorized into three main groups: issuers, underwriters, and purchasers. Issuers sell bonds or other debt securities in the bond market to finance the operations of their various organizations. The main issuers of the market are governments, banks, and corporations. Underwriters are traditionally made up of investment banks and other financial institutions that help the issuer to sell the bonds in the market. The need for underwriters is the greatest for corporation debt market because there are more risks involved. Purchasers are made up of those who buy the debt being issued in the market. They can include not only every group mentioned but also any other type of investor, including the individual. The largest player in the market is governments because they borrow and lend money to other governments and banks and often purchase debt from other countries. (Who are the key players?, 2007)

There are bonds available today to satisfy almost any investment objective and to suit just about any investor, whether individual or institutional. The bond market is divided into four major segments: treasuries, agencies, municipals, and corporates. Treasury bonds are issued by the U.S. Treasury, have the lowest risk, and are the highest quality. All Treasury bonds are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government and are very popular with both individual and institutional investors (Gitman & Joehnk, 2005, p. 429).

Agency bonds are issued by various agencies and organizations of the U.S. government. Although they are most like Treasuries, they are not under the obligation of the U.S. Treasury and can not be considered the same. Municipal bonds are issued by states, cities, counties, and other political subdivisions. The major player in this segment of the bond marker is the individual investor since about 40% of all municipal bonds are directly held by individuals (Gitman & Joehnk, 2005, p. 431).

Corporate bonds make up the major nongovernmental issuers of the bond market and are supported by the assets and profitability of the issuing companies. This segment of the bond market can be divided into four segments: industrial, public utilities, rail and transportation bonds, and financial issues. Besides the four categories described above, there are additional specialty bonds that investors can choose from. These include zero-coupon bonds, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and high-yield junk bonds (Gitman & Joehnk, 2005, p. 434).

Bond market transactions are carried out through the primary markets in which new issues of securities are sold to the public and through the secondary markets in which investors can trade previously issued securities among other investors. In the secondary market, investors can make transactions using the various organized securities exchanges, such as NYSE, and the over-the-counter markets, such as NASDAQ. Alternative trading systems

Cross Border Acquisition Of Adtranz And Local European Markets essay help site:edu: essay help site:edu

Bombardier Adtranz

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Case BOMBARDIER /ADTRANZ

Question 1

Two very important reasons for an acquisition are:

1 Possibility to expand internationally;

2 The potential to transform a company and to enrich a firm.

What is the Why Rationale?

With the cross border acquisition of Adtranz by Bombardier Inc. (BBD) it enabled Bombardier Transportation (BT) – a division of BBD – to enter the local European markets, obtain know-how and access to European engineering concepts needed in emerging markets like Asia and South America and other markets or influential groups demanding European equipment and technology. Apart from this, it would clearly strengthen BTÐŽ¦s global reach.

With this acquisition it wanted to balance revenue streams in the different groups within BBD and to create a healthy balance against BBD Aerospace Group.

BBD is a Canadian corporation engaged in design, development, manufacture and marketing in the aircraft, rail transportation equipment and recreational product industries. In addition, the company offers services related to its core products and core businesses and is, through subsidiaries, involved in financial services and the development of real estate interests. Although BBDÐŽ¦s acquisition strategy was focusing to complement or strengthen businesses, they had been growing predominately through acquisition of companies in poor shape. They have been very successful in turning around companies with poor performance by implementing tight controls. BBD was also strong in product costing and tendering, as opposed to Adtranz.

ADtranz, which is wholly owned by DaimlerChrysler AG, is engaged in the

manufacture and distribution of rail transportation vehicles (Propulsion Systems and Train Controls). Its current activities cover the manufacture and sale of rolling stock equipment as well as fixed installation and signalling equipment.

Although the turnover of Adtranz was in excess of $ 3.3 billion, Adtranz was not the core competence of DaimlerChrysler. Adtranz was a relatively new company (in existence since 1995) build from a collection of many different companies where each newly acquired company brought in its own business philosophies, they never had the chance to develop their own homorganic culture.

When we look at both companies, I feel there is a definite potential for BT however there are quite a number of potential pitfalls.

At first look it seems like the opportunity of a lifetime.

For BT to establish itself in the European market is very difficult. The industry BT is in, is rather specialized and requires large amounts of funding. If starting greenfield next to this, Adtranz already has a customer base and is very aware of European regulations and customer requirements. For BT to enter the European markets where railway and train products are fundamentally different (BT had no experience in propulsion systems, high speed and inter-city cars and signalling systems), they almost always need to create an alliance with one of their ÐŽ§competitorsЎЁ.

As transport equipment and propulsion equipment have a high degree of complexity, a complementary acquisition such as this one enables a company to grow faster and develop markets and products.

BBD has a long and extensive track record of buying companies with a strong track record of integration acquisitions. BBD has a strong reputation as assembling company, however they are weak in development.

Arguments for the merger

Faster growth of market share

Increase market power

Vertical integration

Opportunity to neutralize a competitor

Access complementary competences ( equipment vs. vehicles propulsion)

Access to the European market (this market has many local characteristics as products

and rules can be different between different countries); geographic scope

Creating an economy of scale and scope: increase global reach

Expand revenue base

Complementary business and complementation of product portfolio

BBD can be patient when integrating companies

Government support due to EU policy in promoting reduction in congestion, pollution, etc.

Big growth potential due to acceptance of European standard as international standard in Asia and South America

Big upside potential due to more privatisation

Direct increase in cash flow due to nature of the business (advance payments etc.)

Quick gains due to better and more streamlined control (>20% decrease in cost)

Interesting acquisition price: due to the fact that DaimlerChrysler needed to quickly unload non core assets, BBD was able to acquire against low cost

Arguments against the merger

Different organisational structures: both organisations were incomparable

Difference in reporting allocation of responsibilities

Different growth strategy

Adtranz is as a company not in poor shape, as previously acquired companies, so this is not a comparable scenario as BBD was used to in the past

As BT becomes rather large, BBD might be at risk as the business is contra-cyclical and thus vulnerable for external uncontrollable influences

Limited potential in synergy as individual requirements by nationals make standardisation very difficult; this however is something BBD has been looking for in previous acquisitions

Protectionism by national governments can limit accessibility of the markets

Risk that the deal will not be approved by EC regulating bodies (government interference)

Major cross cultural differences (no organisational and cultural fit)

Limited

Reaction Time And Average Women professional essay help

What Is Reaction Time and What’s the Cause for Human’s Reaction?

What is reaction time?

Reaction time is the interval time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular response to that stimulus. Reaction time is also extremely important in many sports and day-to-day activities. Examples of reaction time include how fast a sprinter can get off the blocks and react to the starting gun, how quickly a boxer can react to a punch being thrown or even when driving a car to make a decision in a dangerous situation. Making a decision is also a form of reacting such as changing lanes or braking in a car.

All people have different reaction times because all humans are unique. The average women is smaller than the average man, so this creates the theory that women have a faster reaction time than men because they are smaller. There is a theory that women use different cognitive strategies in reacting to a stimulus, which results in a quicker reaction time.

Many factors may also differ reaction time whether it be the gender, the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream, the amount of energy a person has or even how much sleep the person has had the night before.

What’s the cause for human’s reaction?

Reaction time depends on nerve connections and signal pathways in your nervous system. The nervous system is a network throughout the human body that relays messages back and forth from the brain to different muscles of the body. The messages transport via the spinal cord which branches out to all the different body parts and organs

When a message travels to the brain from any part in the body and tells it how to react. For example, if you accidently touch a hot stove, the nervous system shoots a message of pain to the brain. For the message to travel from the muscle to the brain and back to the muscle takes a split second.

Default Risk And Bonds professional essay help

Bonds And Their Evaluation

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Bonds and their Valuations

A bond is a long term contract under which a borrower agrees to make payments of principal and interest, on specific dates to the holders of the bond. For ex. When a company borrows $50mn by issuing $50mn of bonds, the company agrees to make the annual monthly payments and repay the $50mn on a specified maturity date.

Bonds may be:

Treasury Bonds: These are issued by the Federal Government and are also called Government bonds. It does not have any default risk as it is assumed that the Government will repay the amount on due date. Interest on Treasury bonds is exempt from state and local taxes, though not from federal taxes. The Bond prices may however decline when the interest rate rises.

Corporate Bonds: they are issued by corporations and carry default risk. When a company is in trouble, it may be unable to pay the promised interest and the principal payments. Default risk is also called “credit risk” and the larger the default risk, the higher the interest rate the issuer must pay.

Municipal Bonds: “Munis” are issued by the state and local government and have default risk. However the interest earned on munis is exempt from federal taxes and from state taxes when the holder is a resident of the state. Consequently, the interest paid on munis is much less than that of the corporate bonds.

Foreign Bonds: These are issued by foreign corporations and foreign governments. They are exposed to default risk and an additional risk exists when the investor buys bond in currency other than that of his home currency. For ex. If a US investor buys bonds in yen and the yen falls relative to dollar, he loses even if the company does not default on its bonds.

Key Characteristics of Bonds:

Par Value: is the stated face value of bonds (assumed to be $1000). It is the amount of money the firm borrows and promises to pay on the maturity date.

Coupon Interest Rate: This the coupon payments (the annual/semi-annual) to be made on the bonds divided by the par value of the bonds ($1000. In US, $1000 has been used as the par value since a very long time).

For some bonds called “Floating-rate bonds” the coupon rate is set for initial 6 months after which it is changed every 6 month based on market fluctuations. Such bonds may carry additional provisions such as the upper and lower limits (caps and floors) OR may be converted to fixed rate debt. These bonds are popular with investors as they fluctuate with rising interest rates which in turn keeps the market value of bonds stabilized. These are also popular with corporations as they

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Book Report On Sun Tzu: Art Of War And Management

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A Peak from a Perspective

A deep breath. WeвЂre waging a war. It seems that in any kind of business, there is somewhat of a battle to be fought, whether with the company itself or with other organizations vis-Д -vis the company. As to how to skate through the rocky atmosphere with a graceful land from a triple hoop axel jump is discussed in the book, Sun Tzu: Art of War and Management although in a different view. Through its different principles in war, each concept is translated as to how it can be used in the business showground. The principles begin from making a decision whether waging a war is practical or not. In business perspective, this translates to the idea whether entering into a business would be rational. The viability of the decision would then be evaluated through examination of different factors like the battlefield, strengths and weaknesses of your own relative to the possible enemies, the external and uncontrollable factors, and a whole lot more. From this evaluation, a plan can be formulated and the action or implementation would follow. So before engaging in a business, market structure should be assessed by the organization. There must be a thorough valuation of the present political leadership in the area, the physical and infrastructural factors, competitive edges over competitors, motivational factors, and the climate of the field of business the organization desires to enter.

When already in the competing stadium, neck to neck battle with the other companies, one should learn how to fight. Hence, the art of attacking. As a competing organization in a fierce market, sitting on the safe side wouldnвЂt help much in the success of oneвЂs business. There must be an action beyond just being protective but being combative in its positive sense. War, as repeatedly said in the book, is not promoted by Sun Tzu. If unnecessary, waging a war shouldnвЂt be done. But if aggressiveness is the only way to the security of oneвЂs army and territory, then hesitations should be put to oblivion. Here enters the principle of intelligence, cunningness, the idea of deception and espionage. Since the organization already entered the battlefield, the harms it poses should be swiftly conquered. The different adaptability in maneuvers should be thought through. One must also be aware whether the enemy is deceiving. Protection of the people, most especially the most vital in the organization should be observed. Because in any time, the rival would plan to lure these people if unnoticed. One also must be cautious with the competitors†reactions towards oneвЂs actions and the ever changing environment which cannot be controlled by the organization. These are but a few of the principles and concepts which are later expounded in this book report.

The objective of this book review is to highlight the concepts and principles mentioned in the text and to be able to apply some of these in a perspective not different from the book. Later in this review, we will cite some examples of organizations here and abroad that compete in the business industry, how they first examined the market environment, assessed information and formulated a plan as to enter the field. Then, examples of rivalry in companies such as Procter and Gamble and Unilever and many more are also mentioned in this review.

Better than me, are you?

Hi-Fern Marketing located in Hilongos, Leyte is a fertilizer and agri-chemical dealer. Before engaging in a business, the organization has to assess the market situation and it then formulates a detailed plan. As for Hi-Fern Marketing, it first ascertained the volume of the market. By doing this, it conducted a feasibility study by inquiring from the Department of Agriculture the number of irrigated and non-irrigated land areas that are planted to rice or the area of rice land in Hilongos and its neighbor towns. From the information gathered, the organization calculated the least amount of fertilizer to be applied. Consequently, it also identified its possible customers would not only be from Hilongos but also from Baybay, Inopacan, Hindang, Bato, Maasin, Sogod, Hinunangan, Hinundayan, and Silago. They realized that not only fertilizer was needed but also chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides to irrigate the farmland. They capitalized on the opportunity that the market is not yet fully saturated or occupied. This follows the concept of appraising the terrain, whether it is open or constricted. They donвЂt have much concern regarding their competitors because as long as they have cheaper sources of their products, they have an advantage over their rivals.

But unlike Hi-Fern Marketing which doesnвЂt have enemies in the battlefield of business, the fierce competition of Alto Broadcasting System-Chronicles Broadcasting Network (ABS-CBN) and Gozon Marketing Association (GMA) is one of the popular rivalries present in the country. Each networkвЂs objective is high ratings which translate into a heftier slice of the multi-billion peso advertising pie. For quite a while, ABS-CBN had a commanding lead over GMA. The latter was content to be a strong number two. Ironically, GMA was the number one station during the martial law era in the 70s under the stewardship of current ABS-CBN chief operating officer Freddie Garcia. When the Lopezes got back ABS-CBN after the Edsa Revolt in 1986, the late Geny Lopez was able to convince Garcia to return to his mother station. This exemplifies the concept of headhunting under the various principles advocated by Sun Tzu. It was Garcia who lifted ABS-CBN from the cellar to the top of the heap after only a few months on the job. When Felipe Gozon took over the reins at GMA a few years ago, he told his team that he was no longer content being the runner-up in the lucrative business. His objective was to regain market leadership and trounce ABS-CBN. This meant committing more funds to the stationвЂs operations so that it could produce more local shows and improve its facilities. The initial strategy was a sneak attack into non-primetime shows, the morning and afternoon slots which ABS-CBN seemed to have neglected. Since GMA already dominated the noontime slot with its variety shows Eat Bulaga, the network enticed its viewers to continue watching beyond the noontime slot with soaps and telenovelas1. This particular situation represents two concepts discussed in The Art of War and Management, namely, the concept of the need to attack under the principle of attack and the principle

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Bond Market in Mongolia

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IntroductionMongolia, a heavily export-oriented country, was the world’s fasted-growing economy in 2011, expanding at a 17% rate as prices of bulk commodities soared. With the prospects of vast untapped mines rich with copper, gold, and iron ore, Mongolia’s debt levels swelled 264% in the five years ended 2015. However, due to the continuous falling of commodities prices since 2012, Mongolia’s sovereign bond market has suffered a major setback in recent years, and  its government finance minister has officially announced that the country “is in a deep state of economic crisis”. This report would go through Mongolia Bond Market history, analyze its current situation, explore reasons behind economy crisis and forecast its developing trend in the near future.Bond Market in Mongolia before 2012Bond market in Mongolia officially came to life in 1991, after democratization in 1990 with the fall of the Soviet Union. As part of moving from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy, the country instituted its first bond market by issuing in a first step government bonds for 300 million tugriks with the nominal price of 50, 100, 200, 500 tugriks with interest rates of 8% and 8-year maturity. Almost 20 percent of the issued bonds would be paid back in USD instead of the local currency and all the bonds were sold through a public offer at the Mongolian Stock Exchange.The Mongolian Government then issued further bonds in 1996, so called discount bonds, with a face value of 15 billion tugriks. The bonds had a face value of 10000 tugriks, with maturities of 30, 90 ,180 days and 5 years, with a 3% interest rate. They were issued at a price of 9150 tugriks each.  Of these, only 144.3 million tugriks worth of bonds could be sold. These government bonds were the last bonds to be issued up until the year 2000, as the government changed policies and instead of publicly selling bonds on the Mongolian Stock Exchange, they sold bonds directly to commercial banks through closed offers, as there was a much higher potential to sell a larger volume of bonds this way. This led to the consequence that there were only a limited availability of government bond offers to be bought publicly. From 1996 to 2000, the Mongolian government could issue bonds worth 88.6 million tugriks in this way directly to commercial banks.The Mongolian government then restarted selling government bonds through the Mongolian Stock Exchange in the year 2000, hoping to cover government budget shortages this way and increase the availability of bond supply for potential investors. During the period from 2000 up to 2006, the Mongolian government continuously issued government bonds with yields ranging from 2.88% up to 15.6%, with differing maturities. Issuances peaked during the years 2001 and 2002, where there were 42 issuances combined in these two years.[pic 1]Figure 1 Government BondsDue to irregular issuances of government bonds, it was hard to draw yield curve for Mongolia. In practice, it caused uncertainty of exchange dates, which was followed by a limited number of investors or interested parties.As Mongolia was a country with a relatively underdeveloped capital market, in part due to its small population with poor financial literacy, it was hard to implement liquid and attractive markets to attract international investors. After the establishment of a Financial Regulatory Commission (FRC) in year 2005, the Mongolian Government issued various legal reforms in order to make the Mongolian capital markets more attractive to institutional investors. Amendments to the Companies Law that were approved by Parliament in October 2011 introduced sound corporate governance standards, strengthened minority shareholder protection in clarifying and broadening the definitions of related-party transactions, and conferred the FRC with enforcement power against breaches of these provisions. Since year 2008, the Mongolian government has tried to issue its bonds on a more regular basis, therefore tackling the uncertainty factor in the local government bond markets.

[pic 2]Figure 2 Corporate BondsAll in all, the Mongolian bond market until 2012 was comprised mostly by government bond issues, with corporate bonds being near non-existent, due to a lack of local companies seeking financing in the local capital markets due to its underdeveloped status. While government bonds issued had a value of around 200 billion tugriks during the period of 1996 to 2012, during the same time period the total value of issued corporate bonds reach only around 13 billion tugriks. Therefore it becomes obvious that the Mongolian bond market up to 2012 was still very much focused on government bonds, and not at all on corporate bonds.Bonds Market in Mongolia from 2012 to 2016Mongolia experienced a high annual GDP growth rate at 10% or more before 2012. Since 2012, the growth rate began to fall continuously with a current level of 2.3% in 2015 and an expected growth of 0.7% in 2016 according to the World Bank. Mongolia, however, faces certain challenges, including high rates of inflation, a growing dependence on the production and export of commodities, trade dependence on China and Russia, a growing need for foreign direct investment (“FDI”) to develop infrastructure projects, and fuel and energy requirements. Copper, coal, iron, ore, gold and zinc account has always been a vast majority of Mongolia’s export and nearly 88% of country’s exports are to China. According to the Asian Development Bank, Mongolia’s economic growth (GDP growth rate) has reduced from 11.7% in 2014 to 1.4% in the first half of 2016 (shown in Figure 3), indicating that Mongolian economy is precariously exposed to the drop in global commodity prices and slump in the Chinese demand for its commodities. This claim is supported by Figure 4 where it shows a decrease in both Real Annual GDP Growth and in Copper Price.[pic 3][pic 4]                 Figure 3 GDP Growth Rate                                           Figure 4 Commodities Slump    From Figure 5 below, we can clearly see that Mongolia has been facing an increase in Government debt to GDP ratio. From the year 2012 (Mongolia Bond issuance), the Debt to GDP ratio has risen significantly from 63% to a high level of 77.4%. This data set suggests that Mongolia might be facing difficulties in paying back external debts and may lead creditors to seek higher interest rates when lending.

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Aristotle Book 3

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Book 3: Aristotle “Politics”

Aristotle suggests that a citizen is anyone who is entitled to share in deliberative or judicial office (which is limited to individuals in democracies)

Citizenship is often reserved for this born to citizen parents, but this can be untrue in times of revolution or constitutional change, during which the body of citizens alters. This raises several accountability questions but Aristotle suggests that a city is defined by its constitution, so that a change in the constitution signifies a change in the city

Aristotle claims that a good citizen is one in which upholds and honors the constitution. Perfect virtue is the only standard for being a good man, so it is possible to be a good citizen without being a good man.

A good ruler who possesses practical wisdom can be both a good citizen and a good man

Aristotle acknowledges that manual laborers are necessary for the city but says that not everyone who is necessary to the city can be a citizen: good citizenship requires that the citizen be free from the necessary tasks of life.

There are just constitutions geared toward the well-being for all citizens, and unjust constitutions geared toward the benefit of those in power. There are six kinds of government: 3 just and 3 unjust. Just government by a single person is kingship, by a small group is an aristocracy, and by the masses is politeia, or constitutional government, participation is reserved for those who possess arms. Unjust kingship directly toward the sole interest of the ruler is a tyranny, an aristocracy directed toward to sole interest of the wealthy is an oligarchy, and a constitutional government directed toward the sole interest of the poor is a democracy.

Aristotle claims that all constitutions are based on the notion of justice; Oligarchs for instance maintain that it is just to grant benefits in proportion to a persons wealth, while democrats that all are equal and entitled an equal share in the wealth of the city. These differences in distribution result in differing notions about the end result of the city.

Aristotle claims that the end result of a city is life of good quality for its citizens, thus benefits should be extended to those who contribute the most to the community, regardless

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What Is Packaging

MIS 111213015                                                                                                                                          Mayank A. ChidriQUESTIONSWhat is packaging basically?ANS: packaging is to take a product from place of manufacturing to the consumer in damage proof form. It is required everywhere. What is FMCG sector and what is the current scenario and future aspects?ANS: FMCG stands for Fast Moving Consumer Goods. It consists of products which are required daily such as toothpastes, brushes, shampoos, hair oils, food items such as biscuits, chocolates etc. they require packaging in large quantity. Their need is that they want innovative ideas of packaging. Now a days, due to increasing consumerism and retailing in India, people get attracted to attractive packing. Hence for them it is now important to attract customers and also deliver product in damage free form. Plus, they require large amount of packaging as quantity is high.What is need of packaging in healthcare sector? And future prospects?ANS:  healthcare sector is also one of the important sectors in packaging industry as they require packaging in large amount. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies are growing hence their need of packaging for different medicines. There is a lot of opportunity in healthcare sector. Their main challenge is they want to reduce duplicate products and customer should get to know which one is original and which one is duplicate. We can see many medicines in the market which look exactly same to one which is of good pharmaceutical company and interestingly, sold under same name. this can cause havoc to people’s lives and thus, they want to make it unique and also damage proof and tamper proof.So what do you suggest they should do to help their customers to differentiate between original and duplicate medicine?ANS: the system of barcodes is a way of differentiating between original and duplicate products as it is a unique id which can be given to any product. Also now-a-days, while exporting any medicine, they have to have a barcode for their product. Plus, now consumers can call on a particular number of that pharmaceutical company and consumer can verify whether it is genuine product or a duplicate one. Pharmaceutical companies are investing on these technologies now.What are the new challenges in Automobile sector? It is major sector in packaging.ANS:  The major problem of auto components typically India, is logistics. We pack the components nicely, but they are not handled properly, let’s say if we want to transport boxes from Mumbai to Faridabad, so from Mumbai it will go to Delhi, and further distribution will be there thus, multiple loading, unloading and handling points. And way of handling at these places is very poor. Companies have their logistics partners but people working in that team are not trained well, even they are, they don’t follow rules. I have seen boxes kept in horizontal conditions and people standing on it and such things. Hence, first thing is that packaging should be so good that it should be able to survive all these things. Secondly, companies should train or educate their people to handle the boxes properly. That is the biggest challenge I feel for automobile sector.

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Book Review On The Corporation

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British Journal of Industrial Relations

43:4 December 2005 0007—1080 pp. 729—746

Щ Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London School of Economics 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd,

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.

Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Oxford, UKBJIRBritish Journal of Industrial Relations0007-1080Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London School of Economics 2005December 2005434729746Book

Reviews

Book ReviewsBritish Journal of Industrial Relations

BOOK REVIEWS

The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power

by Joel Bakan.

Constable, London, 2004, 228 pp., ISBN 1 84529 079 8, ÐЈ22.46, paper.

The Corporation

is the book written by legal academic Joel Bakan to accompany the

documentary film of the same name which appeared last year. Its main claim is that

many of the ills of contemporary capitalism can be traced to the legal form of the

business corporation. This is because, Bakan argues, the corporation has a legal

mandate �to pursue, relentlessly and without exception, its own self-interest, regardless

of the often harmful consequences it might cause to othersвЂ; hence its вЂ?pathological

natureвЂ. Chapter 1 sets out a brief history of company law, tracing the roots of the

concepts of separate personality and limited liability, and noting some of the more

perverse consequences of the US practice of regarding corporations as �persons†under

the protection of the constitution. Chapter 2 is largely devoted to arguing that the

recent revival of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement has made little

difference to the underlying �pathology†of the corporate form. Chapter 3 argues that,

while government regulations purport to control corporations and limit the harm they

cause to third parties, this goal is undermined in practice by lobbying efforts. Chapter

4 discusses corporate ambitions to take over government. Chapter 5 is concerned with

the multifarious ways in which modern marketing techniques invade the public space

and undermine the family. Chapter 6, titled вЂ?ReckoningвЂ, sees some hope in the

activities of the anti-globalization movement.

The structure of the book follows that of the film quite closely. The film, at well

over two hours, has more space to develop its arguments, and allows greater scope

for various protagonists to put across their points of view. By comparison, the book

is highly compressed. Bakan brilliantly distils the essence of a rather complex argument

about company law into just a few pages. This leaves ample space for him to

devote to some unpleasant examples of corporate malfeasance, and for entertaining

digressions such as the tale of a failed coup against FDR.

Entertaining as it is, the bookвЂs main claim is, at first sight, a surprising one.

Corporations, as associations with a separate legal personality from that of their

members, have been around for centuries, and while limited liability for shareholders

is a more recent phenomenon, it is hardly new. The legal doctrine according to which

companies are �persons†with constitutional rights of their own is almost entirely a

US invention, and cannot be regarded as a universal feature of the corporate form.

A closer reading indicates that when Bakan refers to вЂ?the corporationвЂ, he means the

вЂ?large Anglo-American publicly-traded business corporationвЂ. This qualifies his 730

British Journal of Industrial Relations

Щ Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London

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Comparison & Contrast of Windows & Windows Me

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Comparison and Contrast

Windows & Windows Me

Pamela R Kerr

NTC / 410

Richard Bohn

June 22, 2005

Comparison and Contrast Windows & Windows Me

This paper will identify comparison and contrast of Windows and Windows Me, which will include the program description, planning the scope and plan objectives, vocabulary definitions, project control, schedule of deliverables and resource requirements. When Windows first hit the market in 1985, it failed miserably. The over-priced, under-powered computers of the day busted a bearing over WindowsЎ¦ attempts at fancy graphics. Back then, Windows was not only slow. But, it also looked dorky and awkward with ugly colors. Windows has turned into a trendy best-seller installed on nearly every new computer.

What are Windows and Windows Me? Windows is just another piece of software, like the zillions of others lining the store shelves. I feel Windows is not a program in the normal sense, but it is something that lets you write letters or lets your coworkers play Bozark the Destroyer over the office network after everybody else goes home. Rather, Windows controls the way you work with your computer.

For years, computers have clung to a typewriter-style of work. Just as on a typewriter, people type letters and numbers into the computer. I have learned over the years that the computer listens and then places letters and numbers onto the screen and this time tested system works well. But, I also feel it takes a long time to learn and it is as boring as reading the ingredients on a jar of reduced fat peanut butter.

The method is boring because computer engineers designed computers for other engineers many moons ago. They thought that computers would be forever isolated in narrow hallways where somber youngsters with crew-cuts, clipboards and white lab coats jotted down notes while the big reels whirled. Nobody expected normal people to use computers especially not in their offices, their dens, or even in their kitchens.

„h Windows software dumps the typewriter analogy and updates the look of computers. Windows replaces the words and numbers with pictures and fun buttons and it is smooth and shiny, like an expensive new coffeemaker.

„h Windows Me is the most powerful personal computer version of Windows software and is software that has been updated many times since starting to breathe in January 1985. It is short for Windows Millennium, but Microsoft Labels it Ў§Windows Me.ЎЁ

„h Programmer types say Windows software is big enough and powerful enough to be called and operating system. That is because Windows Ў§operatesЎЁ your computer. Most computer users, however, call Windows lots of other names.

„h Windows 2000 is MicrosoftЎ¦s biggest and most powerful version of Windows. It is stronger and more full-featured than Windows Me. Windows 2000 is favored mostly by large office networks in order for all the computers can talk to each other. In fact, Microsoft eventually plans to discontinue its Windows Me line in favor of its Windows 2000 series.

„h Windows 2000 is not the replacement for Windows 98, even though its name sounds like it is the logical next step. No, what this means is Windows 2000 is the latest version of Windows NT, the corporate version of Windows used for networking. Windows Me is also known as Windows Millennium and is the replacement for Windows 98, even though the two names have nothing in common.

What Does Windows Do? Windows controls all the parts of your computer. You turn on your computer, start Windows, and start running your programs. Each program runs in its own little window on-screen, yet windows keep things safe, even if the programs start throwing darts at each other. Windows gets its name from all the cute little windows on-screen. Each window shows some information: a picture, perhaps, or a program that you are running. You can put several windows on-screen at the same time and jump from window to window, visiting different programs.

WINS is MicrosoftЎ¦s Window Internet Naming Server. A WINS server on your network registers NETBIOS names from other workstations and servers on your network and resolves them to IP addresses. WINS was supposed to be replaced in Windows 2000 by the Active Directory and its global catalog,

Different Reasons And Young People college essay help nyc

Reaction Paper!

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Advertising is a field in which many young people become involved in once they are out of college. It is a field of work that is always changing and new skills become necessary for all different reasons.

Advertising is a very appealing area of work for young adults. This is because it is usually not a completely serious and formal job in most cases. Also, advertising jobs are normally seen as a stepping-stone to bigger opportunities, and in most cases, a career. This could be one reason to blame for the short tenure of people in the advertising field. People straight out of college are usually not entirely sure of what career path they want to be on. If they know they want to go into a business related career, they are likely to start out in advertising and see all of the different aspects that go into being a part of a business. Secondly, advertising is an ever-changing area. From year to year the main focus of a company could change or they could change the entire way they want to advertise themselves. This could even mean bringing in an entire new line of staff. Those are just a few reasons why I think there is a short tenure in advertising jobs.

This is actually pretty similar to my expectations for after college because I believe that most college age students do not know exactly what they want to do with their lives. Going into advertising allows for job flexibility that a recently graduated college student is looking for. My expectations for jobs like being a physician, a lawyer, or a high school teacher are that they are more rigid fields. They do not appear to be as flexible with schedules or wanting to do outside activities. Also, these seem to be more of career jobs. As in once you are a lawyer, you are committed to that profession because it is something that you are truly passionate about. Similarly, if someone loses a case as a lawyer, chances are they will not quit being a lawyer because of one bad incident.

Advertising is a complex field without being intimidating to a just graduated college student that can open many doors to future opportunities.

Erron Pagdangananleveric T. Ngmgt And Reaction Paper admission college essay help

Tahanan Ng Panginoon – Volunteer’s View

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Erron PagdangananLeveric T. NgMGT 50018 January 2017 Reaction Paper: Tahanan ng Panginoon        My reaction paper will mostly talk about the section called From a Volunteer’s View. This is because when reading the whole chapter, this is the only part where I had some reaction. In this section of the case, it talks about a certain businessman, Lauro Fuentes, who lives an affluent life in the Philippines and has never considered himself poor, so that alone separates him from the split social classes here in the Philippines. At first I thought of the guy as a person who only cared about himself and not others specifically the poor, because he states that the split in social class in the Philippines doesn’t bother him and he doesn’t let it get into his heart. When I read that I was like, “hmm… this guy seems a bit too selfish just because he lives the good life, whilst other Filipinos don’t,” I may have understood this wrong but that is what went through my head when reading it. But as I read on, he was approached by a colleague and asked whether or not he would like to join him to join the Brotherhood of Christian Businessman and Professionals (BCBP), and as a friend he joined his colleague. During his time with the group he realized that there was a whole new way of living that he didn’t know about, a desire to do something for others, this realization is what prompt him to join Tahanan. So my reaction to this was that, even though a person is already living an affluent life, he/she can do so much more to contribute to society, by opening his door to his colleagues invite to join the Brotherhood, he was able to discover a new way of living, a way of giving back to others. This was probably the most interesting part because you get to see how a volunteer basically transformed to a person not caring about others to a new human being having the desire to give back. I guess the main lesson is to open your doors and be open minded.

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Taoism

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The Seminole Tribe

The Seminoles are a very well established Native American tribe. TheyвЂre located in Florida and Oklahoma. Some people believe that the name Seminole might come from the word Simanoli which is what the Creeks used to call themselves. They have great connections with the land, interesting food, architecture, religion, government and leaders.

The Seminole tribe are descendants of the Creek tribe. The Creeks spoke two languages, Muskogee and Miccosukee. Miccosukee is a related tongue of Muskogee. Two groups in the tribe speak those languages. That must get confusing.

The Seminoles are close with the land. They used to, and sometimes still do, fish and hunt in the Everglades and in marshy areas. To grow food, they farm small gardens on hammocks, which are little islands in the swamp. Since the 1920вЂs theyвЂve been wrestling alligators for visiting tourists. TheyвЂve seemed to make do with the swampy conditions extremely well.

EveryoneвЂs got to eat, and for the Seminoles the women did the cooking for everyone. In the center of camp was a cooking and dining house with a fire pit. On the hammocks they grew pumpkins, melons, and beans. Corn was a staple food. It was most important for soups and breads. Sofiki is a popular soup eaten with one spoon, and everyone eats from one large bowl. They also eat a lot of meat, such as alligator, deer, turkey, duck, rabbit, opossum, squirrel, and sometimes bear. They used blowguns to shoot small animals. Plants, nuts, and berries were also important. To make a certain flour, they used the stems of the arrowroot plant. They were well fed.

The Seminoles had to come up with a way to build a house in a swamp. One practical house was called a chichee, a house in the swamp with open sides for a breeze and a raised platform to keep people and belongings over flood water. They also lived in log houses plastered with red clay. Houses were around a square and a main building. Families had two houses, one for sleeping and cooking, and one for storage. Each family had its own crop garden. They seemed to have a good system.

Religion is important in every tribe. The Seminole people believed that spirites inhabit everything, living and nonliving. Spirits are even in fire, water, sun, moon, and stars. The highest divine being is the Preserver of Breath. Thunder is the war god and Corn Mother watches over gardens and fields. They also believed in monsters and other creatures. They believed that water monsters would drag people down into the swamp until theyвЂd drown. Little People were creatures who would play tricks on them, but also help lost children return home. They viewed their faith with many signs and symbols.

The Seminoles believe that body and soul are connected. Also, religion and medicine are one. Medicine men use roots, herbs,

Little Members And Book Of Ezekiel 18Th Chapter best college essay help

Temperance

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Temperance: Fruit of the Spirit

Temperance means to restrain from or be absent from

Through out the word of God men and women alike have been tempted. Some gave in and some refused. In every case there is a lesson to be learned.

The Bible talks about sexual restraints. In the book of Ezekiel 18th Chapter it is a sin to look upon your neighbors wife in that manner or to touch a women during her menstruation. Intimacy should not be.

Even for husbands and wives to restrain themselves from each other as to fasting.

Restraints from strong drinks: Proverbs 20:1 Wine is a mocker, strong drink is thereby is not wise. Proverbs 23:20-21 Be not among winebibbers, among riotuous eaters of flesh: For the drunkard and the gluttons shall come to poverty and drowsiness shall clothes a man with rags.

Temperance with food: Proverbs 23:2 When sitting down with a ruler consider diligently what is before thee. Put a knife to thy throat if thy be a man of great appetite. It is not wise to sit and eat at every table. This saying goes spiritually and naturally.

We must be temperance even with our words that come from our mouth:Proverbs 25:11 A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. Proverb 4:24 Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee. I Thessalonians 4:11 And that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business, and to work with you own hands as we command you. Even so the tongue is a little members; and the tongue is a fire a world of iniquity so is the tongue among our members that it defileth the whole body and setteth on fire the course of nature. James said out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren these things ought not so to be.

It is my prayer

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That Which Is Unclean

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Sam Nelson

Dr. Boyle

Theology 101

10/24/04

That Which is Unclean

Leviticus 11: 1-47 speaks of creatures that are to be considered unclean and the rules surrounding their uncleanliness. Peters reaction to his vision in Acts 10:1-29 refers to Leviticus rules, but it is also a revelation of Gods intentions for God has made clean that which was unclean. This revelation affects how Peter treats Cornelius, a Gentile.

Leviticus sheds light upon Peters vision in Acts. God spells out quite specifically what animals are considered unclean, to distinguish the clean from the unclean. In Peters vision, he sees many unclean creatures presented to him by God. The Lord commands, “Get up, Peter; kill and eat” (Acts 10:13). Peter answers, “By no means, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is profane or unclean” (Acts 10:14). The Lord is not testing Peter to see if he will eat that which is considered unclean. Rather, Peter is unaware that all those creatures are actually considered clean. When the Lord says, “What God has made clean, you must not call profane,” (Acts 10:15), it makes Peters unawareness very clear. He now knows that which was unclean has been made clean. This ultimately decides whether he will associate with the Gentiles, which were considered unclean.

With Peters revelation to what is now considered clean; he applies it in how he treats Cornelius. Cornelius is a Gentile, whereas Peter is a Jew. “It is unlawful for a Jew to associate with or to visit a Gentile,” (Acts 10:28), but Peter decides to associate with Cornelius anyway. First, when he invites in the three men Cornelius sent and second when he visits Cornelius directly.

Regardless of Gods revelation to Peter,

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Bonds and Bond Valuation Review

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Bonds and Bond Valuation ReviewBond TerminologyA bond is a debt instrument that is commonly traded in financial markets.  The borrower agrees to pay scheduled cash flows (i.e., coupon payments) to the bondholder during the life (or term) of the bond and then a lump sum payment equal to the face (or par) value of the bond when it matures.  The contract that specifies the cash flows and their timing is called the bond “indenture”.  Prospective bond investors evaluate the financial health of the issuer, the size and timing of the cash flows and determine a price that reflects the present value of those cash flows.Bond Pricing Formula[pic 1]Face (Par) – Cash flow paid at bond maturity.$CPN – (Coupon Rate* Face Value)/kCoupon rate – (annual coupon)/(face value)k – Number of coupon payments per yearMaturity – Number of years until the face value is paid.t – Maturity * kytm – rate (APR) that makes the promised cash flows equal to the bond’s price.Assumes reinvestment at the YTM;Holding the bond until maturity;The probability of call is zero;The probability of default is zero.ExamplesUnless otherwise stated, we will always assume that the face or par value of a bond is $1,000 and that all bond cash flows occur semi-annually with semi-annual compounding.1.  Calculate the price of a semi-annual coupon bond with a coupon rate of 7.5%, 9.5 years to maturity and a yield to maturity of 8.5%.Semi-annual Coupon = $1000*7.5%*0.5 = $37.50Number of Periods = 9.5*2 = 19Face Value of Bond = $1,000.00Yield to Maturity = 8.5% (annual) or 4.25% (semi-annual)Price = (37.50/0.0425)[1 – (1/(1+0.0425)^19)] + $1,000/((1+0.0425)^19)         = $482.22661 + $453.47650Price = $935.70312 or it will be quoted as 93.5703122.  Calculate the yield to maturity on a bond that is selling for $1045.12 has a coupon rate of 5.25% and matures in 7 years.$1045.12 = [(.0525/2)*$1,000][1 – (1/(1 + YTM/2)^14)]YTM = 4.49164%Bond Price Quotation RulesUS Treasury bills – quoted at a discount from face value, with the discount expressed as an annual rate based on a 360 day year.US Government bonds – quoted as a percent of par. Trade on 32’nds.Corporate bonds – quoted as a percent of par.  Trade on 16ths.Investors sell at the bid price and buy at the ask (or offered) price.T-Bill Example:IssueBidAskChangeYield12/3/155.085.06-0.035.26 [pic 2]Assume Face value: $10,000 and 169 days until maturity$9,761.46 = $10,000 – $10,000((0.0508*169)/360)9,762.46 = $10,000 – $10,000((0.0506*169)/360)Treasury Bond Example:Note that the dealer buys at the Bid price and sells at the Ask price.MaturityBidAskChangeYield6 ½, 8/15/19105.0812+35.57Before considering the bond price table above, keep two things in mind:Bond prices are quoted as a percent of par andTreasury bonds trade in 32s.So, the bid price means that the dealer is willing to pay 105 plus 8/32 percent of par for the bond issued on 8/15/11 that’s offering a coupon of 6.5%.  How do we convert that into a price?Bond’s face value*(1.05 + (8/32)*(1/100))$1,000*(1.05+0.0025) = $1,052.50 = Bid PriceSo, what’s the dealer’s Ask Price? The 12 indicates that the dealer will sell the bond for 105 + 12/32 of par.  So,$1,000*(1.05+(12/32)*(1/100)) = $1,053.75 = Ask PriceExample: Calculating the realized return. What happens if you sell a bond before it matures? 3. You purchased US government 5-1/2’s of 09/15/16 at a price of 94.15 on 09/15/05.  You sell the bond today at its current bid price of 100.22.  (Assume today is 09/15/11).  Calculate your realized annualized return. How does this realized return compare with your required return at the time you purchased the bond?Coupon rate = 5.5% annual or 2.75% semi-annualCoupon Payment = $27.50 (semi-annual)Bond Price at Purchase = $941.50Face Value of Bond = $1,000Original Maturity of Bond = 11 yearsBond Price at Sale = $1002.20Time till Sale = 6 yearsYTM at Purchase = 6.243.11%Realized Return = 6.73158%Bond TypesTreasury Bill – maturity of less than a yearTreasury Note – maturity from 1 -10 yearsTreasury Bond – maturity from 10-30 yearsCorporate Bond – a bond issued by a corporationCallable Bond – a bond that can be purchased by issuer.Convertible Bond – the bondholder can exchange the bond for a set number of equity shares.Puttable Bond – the bondholder has the option to force the issuer to buy back the bond.Call options and bondsThe vast of majority of bonds with a maturity of 10 years or greater include a call option in the indenture.The call option gives the issuer the right the repurchase the bond at a pre-specified price after a stated number of periods (i.e., the “lockout period”).Is the Call option free?  Who pays for the option and how do they pay?4. Suppose you bought a 12% coupon Treasury bond with a term to maturity of exactly 10 years for $1,283.59.  The government has the right to call at $1,100 in five years.  What is the yield to call?

Bill Porter And True Story persuasive essay help

Advertising

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“May I be candid with you,” Door To Door starring William H. Macy as Bill Porter, a salesman born with cerebral palsy, illustrated many of the elements I was exposed to in professional selling. This is a true story depicting how a mentally handicapped man became one of the best door to door salesmen of his company. Bill Porter became quite a successful salesperson by mastering all the elements of professional selling from the pre approach to the follow up and there are many examples of these elements throughout the movie.

Upon his first day in selling Bill Porter was constantly rejected. Although he made a lot of planning in the pre approach, listing numerous FABs to his prospects, many still did not give him the time of day. Even though his route was extremely painful because of his condition, coupled with his inability to make sales, he did not back down. “Patience and persistence,” a phrase his mother often used with him stuck with him that day to help him through the approaches he made. He usually began with the introductory approach, introducing himself and what product he was selling from The Watkins Company. Also throughout the day he used visual aids, with pictures of the products as a way to entice prospects. Although he did have many doors slammed in his face on his first day in the sales environment he did eventually make a sale. After connecting with a prospect on a personal level, Gladys Sullivan became Bill Porters first official customer.

Over time Bill learned how to quickly master objections. He was constantly approached with the no-need objection and used the dodge method on several occasions. For example when trying to sell his products to a prospect watering his flowers in his green house, the prospect quickly used the no-need objection. Bill quickly “dodged” the objection by talking about the orchids the man was watering and lead into talking about Watkins laundry detergent. He would quickly

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Advantages Of Collaboration

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How does one successfully obtain assistance from individuals in other departments within the same company? It is important for departments to collaborate. Departments collaborate in both formal and informal settings. In this study it was established that companies continually trade off product quality, speed of delivery, and its associated costs to the provider and customer. The collaboration method of choice depends on the issue to resolve and the duration of the project at hand. The reasons why departments impede knowledge sharing were reviewed. Ways to encourage collaboration were addressed. A specific example using the Material Management and Accounting System as a way that information is shared across departments was explored to show the necessity of sharing information amongst departments.

Interdepartmental Collaboration

Introduction

Organizations are under increasing pressure to collaborate in order to improve performance. While collaboration is a popular, seemingly uncontroversial concept it often is difficult to implement. How does one successfully collaborate with individuals in other departments within the same organization? While collaboration is critical between individuals working within an organization it is especially complicated when the organization is geographically dispersed across sites within a single city, or across numerous states or countries. Lets look at what industry and a researcher say about interdepartmental collaboration.

Jason Compton wrote in Customer Relationship Management CRM Magazine, “Without collaboration across departments, and the ability to cross stovepipes with customer information, a successful CRM strategy is impossible,” says Liz Shahnam, a vice president at Meta Group Inc. “Many of the failure rates that have been quoted in the media are really not a failure of CRM technology or even CRM projects, its a failure of the organization to communicate effectively across the enterprise.” To survive in an increasingly competitive business environment, enterprises must collaborate effectively and coordinate customer processes across as many functions and business processes as possible, analysts and industry executives say” (Shahnam as stated in Compton, 2002, 1).

Additionally Luo stated in his article on Cross-Functional Coopetition that, “Scholars in marketing and strategic management argue that knowledge transfer across functional boundaries is critical for numerous outcomes, including new product success, organizational learning and overall firm performance” (Luo, Slotegraaf, & Pan, 2006, 67). Before knowledge can play a critical role the firms market knowledge must be transferred or disseminated across departments (Luo, Slotegraaf, & Pan, 2006, 67). This transfer of knowledge across functional boundaries can be rather difficult and complicated (Luo et al.).

Ways to Collaborate

There are a finite number of ways to collaborate. These include from the most formal to the least formal way via data input to established systems and processes, such as Material Management and Accounting System (MMAS) which will be discussed later; writing in the form of contracts, letters and email; and through discussion face-to-face in both group and individual settings. The way one chooses to collaborate depends on the duration of the project at hand.

We continually trade off product quality, speed of delivery, and its associated costs to the provider and customer. The collaboration method of choice then depends on the issue to resolve. If the issue is a one time or ad hoc request then using an informal method is perhaps the media of choice. Collaboration takes time and with good informal networks in place the informal network can be much quicker to respond than taking time to receive a formal response. On the other hand, when attempting to answer questions that will be answered repeatedly it is beneficial to build an infrastructure in the form of a system to speed the consistent and accurate response to a given set of question. One is able to query a system for some piece of required knowledge. Some excellent systems have such a good interface the user gets a sense of being one with the system or the system anticipates the user needs. The system is described as being intuitive. Building an infrastructure costs resources. An analogy may be useful here comparing whether you are building a residential house of wood or a commercial building of steel, also the Brothers Grimm childhood story, “The Three Little Pigs” comes to mind and their houses built of straw, twigs and brick.

Organization

This research discussion will address some of the benefits both employees and companies yield when collaborating. Next, we will look at typical reasons why departments may be reluctant to assist others. We will then look at ways to encourage collaboration between departments. Finally, we will explore ways departments bring specialized knowledge to the organization.

Even though departments can be reluctant to assist others without specific knowledge in the ways they benefit because of their own time and resource limitations, unrelated departments should collaborate with one another to be a more effective organization. Better deliverables are produced when using expertise from different departments within the company and different departments are able to bring specialized knowledge from its breath to benefit the organization.

Benefit to Organizations

Better use of People

Although a project may be on target with respect to scope, cost, and schedule, a successful project manager realizes that people issues can have a profound effect on the ultimate success of that project and other projects that may follow. Project performance may be judged on people issues such as trust, team spirit, morale, responsiveness, punctuality, customer focus, communications, teamwork, conflict resolution, integrity, honesty, sociability and flexibility not to mention cost and quality performance indicators (Rad 2002).

With the understanding of the importance of departmental interaction and the sharing of information we find better decision making takes place when employees take ownership. When information is shared, the workplace becomes a more interesting and fun place to be. Diversified ideas are considered to improve decision making outcomes. Employee engagement relates to their situation within the organization, the perspective from their vantage point and collective experience. For example,

Suzuki Motor Japan And Suzuki Ss80 extended essay help biology

Advertisement & Promotion

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Company’s History:The firm was founded in September 1982 as a joint venture between the government of Pakistan and Suzuki Motor Japan formalizing the arrangement by which Awami Auto Ltd. had produced the Suzuki SS80 from 1982. Suzuki originally owned 25% of the stock, and has gradually increased their holding; they now own 73.09%.. Pak-Suzuki was a joint venture between the semi-governmental Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), who had earlier overseen local assembly from kits. Pak Suzuki is the market leader in Pakistan Automobile Market by having more than 60% (December, 2011) of market share. Lacking serious competition, Pak Suzuki has had a market share of more than 50% since its inception and has complete monopoly in the small car segment. Apart from giving automobile related services like Suzuki Finance and Suzuki Insurance, Pak Suzuki also deals in Pak Suzuki Certified Used Cars.Product’s History:With success stories in countries across the globe, the new Suzuki Swift has embarked its journey in Pakistan. From the very beginning of the new Swift’s development program, a dedicated team of Suzuki designers and engineers collaborated extensively with automotive professionals and motoring enthusiasts in pursuit of Suzuki’s best compact car ever. Suzuki on track of its radical program of innovation, to reaffirm and strengthen Suzuki’s position as a leader and innovator in compact car segment and to yield vehicles that embody unique position of company being market leader in automobile industry of Pakistan.Competitors of Suzuki Swift:In Pakistani automobile industry there are two big competitors of Suzuki, they are Toyota and Honda. They are assembling products with extra features which Suzuki is not producing.CompanyVariantEngine CapacityHondaCity  MT/AT1.3 LHondaFIT Japanese1.3 LToyotaCorolla XLI /GLI1.3 LToyotaVitz Japanese1.0/1.3 L

Competitive Edge:Suzuki is competing on the basis of low price cars, good resale value and availability of cheap spare parts across the country.Creative Mix:Creative mix takes an in depth looks at the value of growing your passion and finding new ways to connect and share with like-minded people as a way to grow your business.Market Segmentation:Geographic:People who are living in Urban Areas of Pakistan.Major Cities are Lahore, Karachi, Twin cities, Peshawar and Faisalabad.Demographic:People under the age group of 25-45 years.Belongs to upper middle, upper and upper uppers (i-e B+, A and A+)class.Have Small Family.Psychographic:People who want to look young in their professional life.Behavioral:People who have positive attitude towards product and who are searching maximum benefits from their product.Target Market:People who are living in urban areas, have positive attitude and high adaptability for change, belonging to high income group and wants to look younger than their age is our target customers.People who are sensitive about the maintenance of their vehicles.Product Concept:The concept of Suzuki swift is Comfortable, Versatile and fun to drive.A car which have a power and performance of a big capacity car, so that one can enjoy the drive.Advertising Message:Our advertising message is based on problem/solution concept.In Pakistan we see that people buy cars but they got sick with their maintenance expenses. That’s why we focus on the low maintenance cost of our product as advertising message.TVC NARRATIVEFilm opens with a boy around 25 years old who runs up to his father who is watching TV on a Sunday morning, the son is scared of talking to his father about the incident that has taken place so he hesitates in the beginning and says in a scary voice

Lower End Of The Learning Curve.Supplier Power And High Threat college application essay help online

Bombardier Aerospace: The Cseries Dilemma

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Bombardier Aerospace: The CSeries Dilemma

Rat Infestation And Side Of The Trenches admission college essay help: admission college essay help

Life in the Trenches

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Life in the trenches during World War 1 were horrible. It was entirely unexpected for those eager thousands who signed up for war August 1914.The Great War- was a phrase coined even before it had begun. It was expected to be very short and like most wars a great movement. However The First World War was symbolized by its lack of movement, the years of stalemate exemplified on the Western Front from autumn 1914 until spring 1918. Now there was a movement on the Western Front during 1914-18; the war began dramatically with sweeping advances by the Germans through Belgium and France en route for Paris. So I ask this question what was life actually like for men serving tours of duty in the line, be they front line, support or reserve trenches?

Death in the trenches were a constant companion to those serving in the line, even when no raid or attacked was launched or defended against. In busy sectors the constant shellfire directed by the enemy brought on random death, it didnt matter whether their victims were lounging around in a trench or laying in a dugout. Similar novices were also cautioned to, like the parapet of the trench of No Mans Land. Many men died on their first day on the trenches because of the sniper bullets precisely aimed at the trenches. It has been estimated that up to one third of allied casualties

on the Western Front were actually kept in the trenches. Besides all the injuries, diseases were a heavy toll.

Rat infestation was the worst, their were over a million rats infested in the trenches. There were 2 main types of rats the black and brown rat.. Both were equally despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Goring themselves on human flesh disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver. They could grow to be as big as the size of a cat. Men were really afraid of these rats, they would even run across their faces in the dark. They would try to get rid of them gunfire, with the bayonet, and even by clubbing them to death. It was useless though, a single rat could produce up to 900 offspring in a year contaminating food and spreading infection. This problem continued for the rest of the war.

Although rats were a huge nuisance, lice was an even bigger problem breeding in the seems of dirty clothes and causing men to itch out of control. Even though clothes were washed constantly lice eggs remained in the seams, within a few hours of the clothes being re-worn the body heat would cause the eggs to hatch. Lice caused a very painfully disease that began with severe pain followed by high fever called Trench Fever. Recovery from this disease took up to 12 weeks. Lice was not actually identified as the cause of Trench Fever until 1918. Frogs were also found in the base of the trenches along with slugs and horned beetles on the side of the trenches. Many times men would shave their heads to prevent another prevalent scourge. Trench Foot was another medical condition affiliated with the trench life. It was a fungal infection on the foot caused by cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions. In some cases it would have to lead to amputation. Trench foot was more of a problem of in the beginning, as conditions improved in 1915 it faded quickly.

Typically, a battalion would be expected to serve a spell in the front line. This would be continued by a stint spent in support, and then in reserve lines. A period of rest would follow generally short, then the whole cycle of trench duty would start again.

In real life the cycle was determined by the needs of the situation. Even at rest men would find themselves performing a task of duties that placed them in the line of fire. Others would spend time longer in the front line than usual. For example (and the numbers varied widely) A man might expect in a year to spend 70 days in the front line, with another 30 days in close by support trenches. A further 120 might be spent in reserve. Only 70 days might be spent at rest. The amount of leave varied, with maybe 2 weeks being granted during the year.

The daily routine of life in the trenches would begin in the morning with stand to short for stand to arms, (Each man would be expected to stand on the trench fire step, rifle loaded, bayonet fixed.). An hour before dawn everyone was awakened from their sleep by the company orderly officer and sergeant and was ordered to climb the fire step (ran along the entire trench, was to enable each occupant of the trench to peer over the side of the trench through the parapet into No Mans Land in the direction of the enemy trench line). This policy of stand to was adopted by both sides, and despite the knowledge that each side prepared itself for raids or attacks timed at dawn, many were actually carried out at this time. As the light grew another ritual was often used called the morning hate. Both sides would often relieve the tension of the early hours with machine gun fire, shelling and small arms fire, directed into the mist to their front, this would ensure safety at dawn.

When stand to was over in some areas rum might be issued to the men. Then they would go to clean their rifle equipment which was inspected by the officers. Breakfast was then served next. In mostly every area of the line at

Conic Section And Parametric Equations need essay help

Conics

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A conic or conic section is a plane curve that can be obtained by intersecting a cone with a plane that does not go through the vertex of the cone. There are three possibilities, depending on the relative position of the cone and the plane. If no line of the cone is parallel to the plane, the intersection is a closed curve, called an ellipse. If one line of the cone is parallel to the plane, the intersection is an open curve whose two ends are asymptotically parallel; this is called a parabola. Finally, there may be two lines in the cone parallel to the plane; the curve in this case has two open pieces, and is a hyperbola.

In mathematics, parametric equations bear slight similarity to functions: they allow one to use arbitrary values, called parameters, in place of independent variables in equations, which in turn provide values for dependent variables. A simple kinematical example is when one uses a time parameter to determine the position, velocity, and other information about a body in motion. Abstractly, a relation is given in the form of an equation, and it is shown also to be the image of functions from items such as R. It is therefore somewhat more accurately defined as a parametric representation. It is part of regular parametric representation.

Converting a set of parametric equations to a single equation involves solving one of the equations usually the simplest of the two for the parameter. Then the solution of the parameter is substituted into the remaining equation, and the resulting equation is usually simplified. It should be noted that the parameter is never present when the equation is in singular form; it must cancel out during conversion. Or, the process put simply: the simultaneous equations need to be solved for the parameter, and the result will be one equation. Additional steps need to be performed if there are restrictions on the value of the parameter.

The arc length of a circle is the distance from one point on the circumference to another point on the circumference, traveling along the edge of the circle. Because we know that the measure of the central angle is equal to the arc it intercepts, by dividing that measure by 360 degrees, we find out what fraction of the circumference that the arc covers. The polar coordinate systems are coordinate systems in which a point is identified by a distance from some fixed feature in space and one or more subtended angles. They are the most common systems of coordinates. The term polar coordinates often refer to circular coordinates two-dimensional. Other commonly used polar coordinates are cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates both three-dimensional.

Kepler believed firmly in the Copernican system. In retrospect, the reason that the orbit of Mars was particularly difficult was that Copernicus had correctly placed the Sun

Chain Of Custody And Reference Of A Document essay help free: essay help free

Connecting The Links: Chain Of Custody And Documentation Procedures

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Connecting the Links 1

Connecting the Links:

Chain of Custody and Documentation Procedures

Michael Gill

Florida Metropolitan University

Connecting the Links 2

Abstract

This essay firstly explains what the chain of custody, as it pertains to crime scene investigations, is and why it is important. Secondly, the six procedures for documenting a crime scene will be introduced and explained. These two subjects are an extremely vital sequence in crime scene investigations which cannot be over detailed. Cases have been lost because of errors made while documenting custody changes and crimes scenes.

Connecting the Links 3

Connecting the Links: Chain of Custody and Documentation Procedures

What is the “chain of custody?” The chain of custody is a term, mostly used in a legal form or in reference of a document, which supplies a written reference to the collection, transfer, and testing of any piece of evidence. A chain of custody is referred to as a documented, chronological history of a specimen which, when completed correctly, protects the integrity of that specimen. Paper templates are normally used to document certain required information about the specimen, such as when it was collected, where it was found, the name or initials of the investigator who found it, a brief description of the evidence and each and every agency to which it was transferred, (www.toxlab.co.uk/coc.htm).

Referring to a chain of custody as important is an understatement. Cases are both won and lost due to the custodial changes of evidence. In order to introduce a single specimen as relevant evidence in a trial, one must prove that such piece of evidence is in fact the same item which was confiscated from the place or person in question. This can only be accomplished through testimony and physical proof of a valid chain of custody. It is impossible to prove the validity of questioned evidence if the integrity of the chain is compromised. One of the most difficult aspects to prove “true” evidence is the ability of the discovering investigator to identify the evidence (www.njlaws.com/chain.htm). This is usually due to the improper marking of evidence.

When performing a search of a crime scene are six categories of documentation which apply to the search. They are the administrative worksheet, narrative description, photographic log, diagram or sketch, evidence recovery log and the latent print log. It is important to document a crime scene so that every detail is recorded. This will ensure that there have been no areas which have not been covered. Some departments have found that the use of template

Connecting the Links 4

forms aid in the documentation of certain aspects of a crime scene (www.crime-scene-investigator.net/respon4.htm.). The investigator may also choose to speak into a voice recorder and later on refer to his recorded notes to fill out one of the templates. Regardless of the method used, it is important to document everything.

Aristotle Impact And Teacher Plato history essay help: history essay help

Aristotle Impact on Law

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Aristotle (384 – 322 BC), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a various ways. Aristotle was born in Stagira in northern Greece, and as a young man he studied in Platos Academy in Athens. After Platos death he left Athens to proceed in philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor and Lesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedonia to tutor his young son, Alexander the Great. Aristotle was extremely successful in tutoring Alexander, as he develoepd a great mind and was widely known for launching the invasion of the Persian Empire. Aristotle returned as a resident to Athens, and it was during this time (335-323 BC) when he wrote or at least completed some of his major theories, which included law.

Aristotle and his teacher Plato, had alike minds when it came to their political views. They both believed that law had a moral purpose. They thought that it made people live their lives based on their reason, rather then their passion. When Aristotle talks about people following their reason, he means that they live their lives to the fullest taking in consideration all the talent and skill they are blessed with and using it to their advantage. One accomplishes this by making the most out of what he/she has been given to benefit themselves in life. Basically, he was following the natural law tradition because he felt as though the most important purpose of law was to help people live their lives positively and be happy. Law helped lead people into a positive direction

Aristotle advanced a theory of individual rights, at the same time accepting aspects of positive law theory and natural law theory. He was supporting equity in judicial decision making and tells us how this can operate consistently with the rule of law. Also, Aristotles brilliant ideas on ethics forms a basis for punishment in criminal law. He teaches how to educate lawyers and the legal profession to incorporate ethics and virtue; he teaches lawyers how they can be more persuasive. Furthermore, Aristotle also had a huge insight on moral virtues and believed that if these virtues are to be nurtured, law is needed. He believed that law is essential to help discipline citizens and their actions, as well as to help maintain the beneficial habits they acquire.

One of the most important aspects of our modern court/trial is the examining of the evidence. In most cases, the amount of quality evidence, or the lack of evidence, plays a huge role in making the final decision. Aristotle was the first person to think out the problem on

Example Of Smith And Name Of Studentname Of Professorcourse Titledatepart essay help

What Is the Fundamental Difference Between Active and Passive Euthanasia?

Name of studentName of professorCourse titleDatePart 1: What is the fundamental difference between Active and Passive Euthanasia?Active Euthanasia is the process of being actively engaged in the death of the person. Passive Euthanasia is simply letting die. In this case, one does not directly cause the death of the other person. However, they sit back and watch without assisting as something else causes death to the person. Is one better than the other according to Rachels?  According to Rachels, none is better than the other. In both cases, death results. The basic factor is the motive behind the death. If the motive is to get financial gain, then neither is better than the other. How does his example of Smith and Jones illustrate this difference? Make sure to explain Rachels’s argument?         Smith has a nephew and he stands to gain if the nephew dies. Smith decides to kill the nephew through drowning him, thereby having a direct connection to his death and hence active killing. Jones  has a nephew as well and he stands to gain if the nephew dies. As he plans to kill him, the nephew falls into the sink and starts drowning. Jones decides to let him die, noting that he would not have had a direct connection to his death. This is passive killing according to Rachels.

Rachel argues that   killing and letting die has no difference. In the Smith and Jones case, the motive was the same. Whichever way was used, the result was the same. Killing in this case is on the same level as letting die and vice versa. Neither Jones nor Smith could say that their method was humanitarian. Smith might say that his nephew died fast because he did not want to prolong his suffering unlike Jones who watches his nephew slowly suffer and die a bad death. Nesbitt on the other hand challenges Rachel’s thesis “that there is no difference between killing and letting die”. How does Nesbitt go about challenging it? And what modifications need to be made to Rachel’s example about Smith and Jones according to Nesbitt? Why does he think it is important to make these modifications? Explain Nesbitt’s argumentNesbitt argues that in the case of passive Euthanasia, the doctor does not bring death to the patient. Rather, the ailment that the patient is suffering from is the cause of death. For instance, when a doctor refuses to treat a patient suffering from cancer, the patient dies from cancer. If the doctor applied active Euthanasia, this would imply that he killed the patient.Jones is cleared of all ills. This is because the death of his nephew does not happen by his hand as it did with Smith. For this reason, keeping all other factors constant, Smith is the villain in this case.  .

Climate Change Understanding And Mass Media college essay help service: college essay help service

What Is the Impact of Communication on Climate Change Understanding?

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report would be addressing the impact of climate change understanding with the help of communication. One of the many few ways of communication would be through mass media, like the television and the Internet, for an example. As both platforms have a vast population of users from all over the world, they would be very effective mediums in conveying the message of climate change. The content of information that will be presented would be credible as they come from government websites, credible news sources and also from people who have done extensive research in the environment and climate around the world. Furthermore, since both platforms are easily accessible in today’s technological era, it makes researching for information much more convenient and fast.INTRODUCTIONThis report is going to discuss how communication has impacted climate change understanding. It would be focused on a certain group of communication, called Mass Media. Such examples would be television documentary shows, news and the Internet.Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION PLATFORMSThere are many forms of communication. Some of which, under mass media are, the television documentary shows, news and the Internet. We would be discussing about these forms of mass media in particular because they are the platforms in which people use to gather more information about issues.TELEVISIONResearch has shown that an Australian spends an average of 13 hours a week watching the television. This implies that the television could be effective in spreading awareness about climate change. Television Documentary ShowsTelevision documentary channels like the ‘National Geographic’ broadcasts about climate change. A show called ‘A Way Forward: Facing Climate Change’ reported that human activities are the main reasons for climate change and cause the most dangerous side effects.NewsTraditional news has also been reporting about climate change. A recent report done by the Climate Council under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that there would be more extensive bushfires and more intense heat waves in Western Australia.Thus, the news and television documentaries are a platform in which they have broadcasted about climate change and how it has affected Australia.INTERNETWith the Internet being so easily accessible, it makes researching much more convenient. Thus, it is one of the platforms where it has assisted in the understanding of climate change. The few websites that have aided in climate change understanding are Government websites and the TED website.

High Levels Of Cholesterol And High Blood Pressure college essay help nyc

What May Aggravate or Risk Atherosclerosis?

What may aggravate or risk Atherosclerosis?

Tobacco use, high levels of cholesterol in the blood, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and diet can aggravate or risk Atherosclerosis. Dietary factors include low daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and excessive or completely no alcohol consumption.

Tobacco use, in other words, smoking, can damage and tighten blood vessels, raise cholesterol levels, and raise blood pressure. Also, smoking does not allow enough oxygen to reach the bodys tissues. A smoker‘s risk of developing coronary artery disease is directly related to the amount of tobacco smoked daily.

A diet that is high in saturated fats causes LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels to increase in susceptible people. Cholesterol levels also increase as people age and are normally higher in men than in women, although levels increase in women after menopause. Several hereditary disorders result in high levels of cholesterol or other fats. People with these hereditary disorders can have extremely high levels of cholesterol and if untreated, may die of coronary artery disease at an early age.

Uncontrolled high diastolic or systolic blood pressure is a risk factor for Atherosclerosis. An elevation of the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart (cardiac) disease. These complications of High blood pressure are often referred to as end-organ damage because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic (long duration) high blood pressure. For that reason, the diagnosis of high blood pressure is important so efforts can be made to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications.

The risk of developing atherosclerosis is 2 to 6 times higher for people with diabetes. People who have type 1 diabetes tend to develop a disease that affects small arteries, such as those in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys, leading

Religious Institutions And Teen Pregnancy grad school essay help

Teaching Brith Control Vs. Abstinence

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Government funded abstinence-only programs have only existed for the past 20 years. The Adolescent Family Life Act was started in 1981and was designed to prevent teen pregnancy by promoting chastity and discipline. (webmd.com)

Over its six-year history, the National Campaign has tried to encourage faith-based groups to convince community-based leaders focused on preventing teen pregnancy to see religious institutions as allies, to bring together local religious to do more to reduce teenage pregnancy. Religious groups nationwide have demonstrated that the problem can be addressed many different ways and that even the smallest effort can make a real difference in the lives of teens. (teenpregnancy.org)

Abstinence-only programs teach that abstinence is the only way to avoid unmarried pregnancy, STDs, and associated health problems; they may not teach about or promote contraception use. Such programs became increasingly common after 1996, when Congress allocated $87.5 million per year to states providing abstinence-only education. (aafp.org)

Comprehensive sex-education presents abstinence as the most effective method of preventing pregnancy and STDs but also discuss contraception as the alternative strategy for people who choose to be sexually active. A review of 28 well-designed experiments found that most comprehensive sex-education programs do not adversely affect the start or the number of sex partners, or the reported use of condoms and other contraceptive methods. In fact, many programs were shown to significantly increase these results. (aafp.org)

The bible has nothing to say about the use of birth control. However the biblical teaching does affirm the goodness of human sexuality, the nature of married love, and the primacy of love in human relationships. (members.aol.com)

I believe in abstinence, why risk the chance of getting pregnant or getting a disease. The sexual bond is something very special that should be shared

Tv Audio And Tv Signal cheap essay help: cheap essay help

Compression

Join now to read essay Compression

Due to compression, TV audio and video require less bandwidth and multiple digital TV channels can fit unto one satellite transponder as oppose to a single analogue channel occupying the whole transmission line.

A TV signal is captured by a camera and then manipulated during program production. At this point the video must be at its highest quality and full bandwidth for recording, editing and special effects purposes. Then the TV signal needs to be compressed for economical transmission and storage. The possible efficiency of compression depends on a couple of factors. If a signal will be further edited and manipulated in the receiving studio it must maintain a relatively high quality and therefore can’t be compressed as much as a signal that will be sent directly to the viewer’s TV set. Also, the extent to which a signal can be successfully compressed depends on the type of program (E.g. movies can be compressed more than sports). Nevertheless, a typical program mix will fit up to 10 digital television channels on one transmission line.

Furthermore, compression techniques that fall into two categories: lossless (reversible, no data loss) and lossy (irreversible, greater data reduction). Effective compression is best achieved with a combination of data reduction techniques such as bit rate reduction and compression. The difference is that bit rate reduction eliminates unnoticeable data, and compression removes unnecessary and excessive data through mathematical algorithms. Due to different forms of redundancy and the fact that the human visual system is unable to detect certain details, information can be altered or removed causing changes that are imperceptible to the human eye or brain.

After compression, the structure

Airplane Fly And Research Paper college application essay help online

What Makes an Airplane Fly?

What makes an airplane fly?Introduction: In my research, I will try to find out what it is that makes an airplane stay afloat. Is it solely the speed that determines whether or not the airplane can take off, or is it a combination of speed and the way the wings are shaped/placed? What is the underlying science of flying machines heavier than air? I will try to solve this question in my research paper. Before starting the research, I honestly believed the reason why an airplane was able to fly was due to the speed of the propeller. There are several forces that play a part of the lift of an airplane, and those are explained below:      AerodynamicsThe first force is air — the stuff thats all around us. How easily an airplane moves through the air, or its aerodynamics, is the first consideration in making an airplane fly for a long distance. (Hewitt)Drag & GravityPlanes push a lot of air, and they have a lot of “drag,” or resistance, when moving through the air. If you want your plane to fly as far as possible, you want a plane with as little drag as possible. Drag is the friction of the air as it meets and passes over and about an airplane and its components. The more surface area exposed to rushing air, the greater the drag. An airplanes streamlined shape helps it pass through the air more easily.

A second force that planes need to overcome is “gravity.” You need to keep your planes weight to a minimum to help fight against gravitys pull to the ground. (SPALART)Thrust & Lift”Thrust” and “lift” are two other forces that help your plane make a long flight. Thrust is the forward movement of the plane, usually created by the propellers, or the plane’s engine. (Labonté)Lift comes when the air below the airplane wing is pushing up harder than the air above it is pushing down. It is this difference in pressure that enables the plane to fly. Pressure can be reduced on a wings surface by making the air move over it more quickly. (Wegener) The wings of a plane are curved so that the air moves more quickly over the top of the wing, resulting in an upward push, or lift, on the wing. (The Physics of Flight)The Four Forces In BalanceLong flights come when these four forces — drag, gravity, thrust, and lift — are balanced. Planes that are built to spend a long time in the air usually have a lot of lift but little thrust. These planes fly a slow and gentle flight. Another important factor that has to be controlled is yaw. Without controlling the yaw, the plane becomes impossible to control. (Romito) ExperimentationI will make a paper plane that’s going to demonstrate how it’s possible for an airplane to fly or glide through the air. The principle of flying for a paper plane is the same as a commercial airliner. The same forces are being used, however, in paper planes the initial thrust comes from the muscles of the “pilot” (me) as the paper plane is launched. After this, paper planes are really gliders, converting altitude to forward motion.

Religious Effects And Taoists History cheap essay help: cheap essay help

Taoism

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Taoism(Dow-ism)

All throughout history, a great influence over the world has been religion. This religion is not common to most of the world, but is known by most in china. Taoism is a relatively old religion, It became a faith in 440 CE, when it was adopted as a state religion. Taoists history, beliefs, and religious effects, are the main topics that are going to be discussed throughout this paper. Taoism is translated into English simply as the way or path (“History of Taoism”). Every Taoist believes the goal in life is to become one with the Tao (“Taoist Beliefs”). Religious Taoism began while a movement of organized religious communities developed (“Religious Taoism”).

Taoism is pronounced (Dow-ism), and it means path or the way. Taoism very vague and has to be experienced, it “refers to a power which envelops, surrounds and flows through all things, living and non-living. The Tao regulates natural processes and nourishes balance in the universe. It embodies the harmony of opposites (i.e. there would be no love without hate, no light without dark, and no male without female.)” (“History of Taoism”). Taoism is known to be founded by Lao-Tsu (604-531 B.C.E.), a follower of Confucius. He was looking for a way that would keep away the constant feudal warfare and other problems that would interrupt society during his lifetime. Others believe that he is a mythical character. Taoism began as a mixture of psychology and philosophy but grew into a religious faith in 440 CE, when it was adopted as a state religion. Taoism, along with Buddhism and Confucianism, was one of the three great religions of China. With the fall of the Ching Dynasty in 1911, support for Taoism ended. Much of the heritage was destroyed during the next period of time. After the Communist victory in 1949, religious freedom was extremely restricted. The Cultural Revolution in Chine lasted from 1966 to 1976, this destroyed most of the remaining Taoist heritage. (“History of Taoism”)

Taoism is believed to be the first cause of the universe; it is the force that flows through all life. Each Taoism believers goal is to be one with the Tao. “The Tao surrounds everyone and therefore everyone must listen to find enlightenment. (“Taoist Beliefs”) Priesthood views the many deities of the one Dao, “which could not be represented as an image or a particular thing.” The issue of one certain god is strange to them, as is the thought of the creation of the universe; Hence, they do not pray as Christians do. In contrast with the beliefs the priesthood, most of the people have believed that “The gods in heaven acted like and were treated like the officials in the world of men; worshiping the gods was a kind of rehearsal of attitudes toward secular authorities. On the other hand, the demons and the ghosts of Hell acted like and were treated like the bullies, outlaws, and threatening strangers in the real world” (“Taoist Beliefs”) Taoists also believed the five main organs of the body represent the five parts of the sky: water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. (“Taoist Beliefs”)

Religious Taoism seizes a variety of themes and spiritual techniques associated with the common objective of immortality. There were hints in the texts of the philosophical tradition to the

Ethical Audit Report And Exceptional Circumstances essay help online: essay help online

Business Ethics

Module Title: Business Ethics

Module Code: UGB 210

Module Leader: Mark Winter

Due Date: 16 December 2011. You are required to deliver a paper copy to Library Assignment Services BEFORE 2pm on that date.

ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Ethical Audit Report

Weighting:

Task:

Select an organisation from the list below and write an ethical audit report providing a ‘snapshot’ of the organisation’s business ethics. In EXCEPTIONAL circumstances you can request to audit an organisation in which you have a personal interest, but this has to be explicitly approved by your seminar tutor.

Amazon

Indian Premier League (IPL)

Oxfam

Rio Tinto

Starbucks

Tesco

Your report should attempt the following tasks:

Identify the main ethical dilemmas that face your chosen organisation using a search method of analysis such as environmental scanning or stakeholder analysis. Weighting 30%

Evaluate the relative importance of these dilemmas and how your chosen organisation is currently dealing with them. This must include discussion of appropriate ethical theories and the application of ONE of these. Weighting 40%

Explain what you deem to be the organisation’s ethical best practices and values. Again refer to appropriate ethical theory in this context. Weighting 20%

Make recommendations

Conservative Translations Of The Bible And New American Standard free essay help

The Bible Version Controversy

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A controversy of immense silliness has recently broken out among Evangelicals regarding the validity of modern, conservative translations of the Bible like the New American Standard, the New International, and the New King James. The controversy was ignited by a book written by Gail Riplinger entitled New Age Bible Versions.

The only thing sillier than the controversy is the book that sparked it. Remember the old joke? — “If the King James Version was good enough for the Apostle Paul, then its good enough for me!” Well, Riplinger tries to convert the joke into gospel.

A Ridiculous Thesis

Her thesis is that the King James Version is the one and only pure translation (in any language!) and that all the new translations that have flooded the market in recent years (including the most conservative) are part of a Satanic, New Age conspiracy to undermine the deity of Jesus and the credibility of Gods Word.

The book is mean-spirited and vicious in its attacks upon the godly evangelical scholars who labored so hard to produce the modern versions, not to undermine the Word, but to make it more understandable to the average reader.

Unfortunately the book has spawned an army of Riplinger disciples who feel it is their god-ordained duty to go forth and purify the Church by demanding the exclusive use of the King James Version. Picking up on their mentors divisive spirit, they are labeling as heretics all fellow Christians and Christian leaders who prefer to use some version other than the King James.

To illustrate how insane this silliness has become, consider a recent article that appeared in the newsletter of one of Riplingers most enthusiastic supporters, a prophecy teacher by the name of Texe Marrs. Calling the new conservative translations “unholy” and “grotesque,” he proceeded to condemn four leading prophecy teachers because they refused to endorse Riplingers book and join with him in certifying the King James Version as the only reliable translation. The four he condemned as “misguided leaders” and “false witnesses” were Dave Hunt, Peter LaLonde, Arno Froese, and John Ankerberg. Two of these, Hunt and Ankerberg, happen to be among the leading defenders of the Christian faith today!

Even more incredible is the fact that all four men use the King James Version in their preaching and teaching — and Marrs knows that they do! Still, they must be condemned as heretics because they refuse to denounce the “Satanic, New Age” versions.

An Exercise in Foolishness

Another thing that makes all this so tragic is that it would be very difficult to find a book that is more foolish than the one Riplinger has written.

To begin with, she has no credentials for writing the book. On the back cover, the book declares that she has the B.A., M.A., and M.F.A. degrees and has done additional post-graduate work at Harvard and Cornell. What the book does not tell you is that all these degrees are in the field of interior design! Throughout the book, she pontificates on the meaning of various Greek and Hebrew words and texts, when the truth is that she cannot read either language!

The result, again, is silliness gone to seed. For example, she claims the new translations try to identify Jesus with Satan, and she bases this absurd claim on the fact that the new translations remove the name “Lucifer” from Isaiah 14:12, replacing it with a term that refers to Jesus.

Lets consider this argument for a moment. The King James and New American Standard versions read as follows:

How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! — KJV

How you have fallen from heaven, O star of the morning, son of the dawn! You have been cut down to the earth, You who have weakened the nations! — NASB

As you can see, the NASB, like all modern translations, deletes any reference to Lucifer. Instead, the modern translations refer to “the shining one” or “the morning star.” Since Jesus refers to Himself in Revelation 22:16 as “the bright morning star,” Riplinger jumps to the conclusion that the modern translations have substituted Jesus for Satan!

What she seems to be totally unaware of is that the word, Lucifer, is not in the Hebrew text. It comes, instead, from the Latin Vulgate translation where it was used by Jerome because it is the Latin word for morning star or Venus.

Nonsense “Mathematics”

The height of Riplingers foolishness comes when she presents a bizarre invention of her imagination called “acrostic algebra.” You have to see it to believe it:

In step one she “subtracts” NIV from NASV and comes up with ASI. Then she adds back the two letters that were cancelled — N and V, producing ASI + NV. Then she subtracts AV (American Versions) and is left with the letters SIN.

Is that profound? What makes this especially ludicrous is the fact that she uses NASV as her abbreviation for the New American Standard Bible only in the equation. Throughout the rest of her book she refers to it as the NASB!

An Irresponsible Book

Enough said? Not exactly, for you see, Riplingers book is more than foolish. It is also irresponsible. It is full of misquotes, and it traffics in character assassination.

James White, a leading Christian apologist, sums up the book by saying, “. . . New Age Bible Versions is not a nice book. It plainly and obviously identifies anyone who was involved in the production of modern Bible versions . . . as not just non-Christians, but anti-Christians who . . . want everyone to worship Lucifer.” He goes on to point out that he has only once or twice ever encountered a work that contained more misrepresentations of facts and documentation.

Dave Hunt, another defender of the faith, states that Riplingers writing is “driven by a misleading style and loaded with contrived evidence. She starts off misrepresenting people and continues to do so throughout the entire book . . .” Hunt further observes that “perhaps the most reprehensible aspect of the book is its penchant for

Northern Parts Of Nigeria And Senator Object essay help site:edu: essay help site:edu

Teen Marriage in Nigeria

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Teen Marriage in NigeriaOluwatosin.doc/   OdunlamiBCOM/275October 23, 2013Clark    Craig         Teen marriage had been in existence for so many years especially in the northern parts of Nigeria, where the majority of the Muslims reside. The northern states of this great nation Nigeria have refused to put into act and accept the “Child’s Right Act” that bans and prohibit child marriage. These same groups of people want to enforce and spread their corrupt beliefs and practices about child marriage to the entire country. This kind of destructive belief should not be encouraged or allowed, not only in Nigeria but in any other country. Some says it’s a better way to get the teenage girls off the street from wandering and dying in abject poverty, which I believe is the opposite. There are so many ways they can get these young teens out of poverty by providing them to good and sound education rather than marrying them off at very tender age. If these young teenage girls are given adequate education and good healthcare to better their lives who knows what they will become in future. Going to school will definitely increase their moral values and expectations and they can equally invest in their families and the community they live in, they would also have the confidence of raising a healthy and educated families of their own.

On the other hand, Nigeria constitution has been totally corrupted by the Northern parts of Nigeria because they care less and give no respect or regard to the Child’s Rights Act. There is a constitution that had been voted on and abolished, which states that” any woman is deemed of age when married, because it allowed them to abandon their citizenship at a younger age”.  But due to the fact that one senator object to that fact saying removing it will be “un-Islamic” the Child Right Act was overruled for all female children as long as they are married, they no more classified as children. However, many teenage girls lives have been chattered due to this outrage act and the Nigerian government have not done anything or make any move to rectify or correct their mistakes. Because the ‘Hausas” as they are called in northern parts of Nigeria gets away with this act, the Nigeria government are now trying to bring the same act to all the parts of Nigeria but the people especially in the Western and Eastern part of Nigeria are ready to lay down their lives before such act can come to existence. When a thirteen year old girl is married of to a man twice her age and becomes pregnant her chances of living or carrying the child to term is very slim, this act has destroyed so many teenage girls dreams of becoming healthy, secure or to even live a long and fulfilled life. The fact that gets married at a tender age is not even the issue but the agony and pain they get from the men whom they were married to is very cruel, they abused and rape consistently by the husband in the process of this they become pregnant, but because they not physically and emotionally ready to have kids they suffer and deal with series of diseases,   some even die in the process of childbirth. Nigeria has more fistula cases than any other in world as a result from early marriage among young teens.

Historical Overview Of The Alawites And Relocation Of The Alawite Community english essay help

The Alawi Community in the Syrian Civil War

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Religion and Politics

The Alawi Community in the Syrian Civil War

Historical overview of the Alawites in Syria

Who are the Alawites?

Alawi follower of Ali, the Prophet’s Muhammad Cousin and Son-in-Law split from Shia Islam dating back to the 9th century in Iraq

10th-11th centuries: relocation of the Alawite community from Iraq to Syria due to persecution period of relative security and social integration in Syria long period of isolation in mountain refuges played a major role in the formation of the group’s socio-economic and cultural identity

14th century: Mamluks in control of the Levant: represented a challenge to Alawites interests and security: Alawites rituals were deemed illegal: Alawite rebellion in 1318 violently repressed first attempt of the Alawites to assert themselves militarily against a Sunni power: their complete failure undoubtedly dictated their passiveness in the centuries that followed

Under the Ottoman rule: still a marginal and despised minority, the new rulers were Sunni Muslims, who emphasized religion as the core identity of their empire, lending legitimacy to their rule. The new authorities sought to crackdown on minority groups (Alawites and Shia) to consolidate their rule: but the Alawites’ stubborn resistance and entrenchment in the mountains meant that they posed a challenge to complete subjugation: for the Ottomans, like the Mamluks, there were more pressing issues that deserved the priority. Later, efficient tax collection became a priority for the Ottoman Empire’s survival the Alawites thus became somewhat awkwardly integrated into a system of millets and the general economy of the empire: mostly, the Alawites served some purpose and posed no real strategic threat.

Practice Taqiyya; secretive religion (professing beliefs they do not hold); religion held with the Elders (like the Druze), mixture of Islamic and non-Islamic beliefs, transmigration of souls; secret esoteric religion – knowledge hidden from the masses

Belief in Ali as incarnation of God; Holy Trinity: Ali Ma’na (meaning or essence); Muhammad is the Ism (name); Salman al-Farsi (the Persian; one of the Companions of the Prophet) is al-Bab (the gate); Alawite belief is summarised in the formula: “I turn to the Gate; I bow before the Name; I adore the Meaning”

The religious differences between the Alawites and the Syria’s Sunni orthodoxy have been the underlying cause in a long history of discrimination and persecution by the majority population towards a minority: 14th century Ibn Tamiyya and Wahhabists today view the Alawites as heretics

Within only a couple of decades of their emergence in the 10th century, Abbasid persecution and the fatwas of Ibn Tammiya, forced the nascent sect to flee Baghdad and eventually settle in the mountainous regions of Syria.

Alawite similitude with Christianity and the secrecy that surrounds their beliefs (as a consequence of Sunnis’ viewing Alawites as infidels worthy of death) the sect was previously confined to the mountains of Latakia through seeking protection they simultaneously solidified their exclusive idiosyncrasies and furthered their minority identity

Michael Kerr: The practice of religion wasn’t of great significance to the Alawi community

Leon Goldsmith: From its very beginning, Alawite history contained episodes of persecution by political and religious authorities which shaped the community’s identity of particularism, self-reliance and insecurity. For seven centuries, the Alawites merely survived, developing a unique social and religious identity in their mountain refuge. They remained marginalized until Sunni imperial rule finally began to wane in the 19th century: ironically, it was their downtrodden state and political irrelevance that was a major reason for their survival.

Leon Goldsmith: 1830s-1970: Alawites made gradual progress towards integration in the wider Syrian society: despite ups and downs, the general trajectory seemed to lean towards the end of their long history of social and geographic isolation

After 7 centuries of isolation, in the mid-19th century the Alawi minority took advantage of Ottoman decline and engaged itself in the local politics of the coastal regions of Syria. Better access to education under the French 4 Mandate meant that by 1940 the sect was heading eastwards in search of socio-economic opportunities.

Alawites and the French Mandate system

Leon Goldsmith: 1919-1945: Alawite participation in a pluralistic political environment in the form of the French-sponsored Alawite state but artificial construct engineered according to French imperial needs and the Alawites didn’t end up opposing their integration into an independent Syrian state

Post-WWI and collapse of the Ottoman Empire: 1921, Syria was placed under a French mandate this alleviated circumstances for the Alawites

Alawites as the reliable community: foil to Arab nationalism and Islamism urbanisation of the rural Alawite community gaining political autonomy

To consolidate a façade of control by lessening Arab nationalism and increasing communal separatism, the French adopted a policy of divide and rule that favoured minority communities over Sunni Muslims, whom the French saw as the advocates of Arab nationalism in Syria; division of Syria and Lebanon into cantons to prevent Sunni hegemony

Patrick Seale: Through the creation of an autonomous Alawite state and the recruitment of many Alawites into the Troupes Speciales du Levant, the French created a new sense of purpose and influence for the minority group that set them on their path to establish power.

1920-1936: Alawite state, yet the Alawite territory was not fully integrated into a Syrian state until WWII

As a result, when Syria achieved independence in 1946, despite a Sunni 7 led government, the Alawis held signifiant positions within the military. By 1963, due to endless 8 coups and subsequent intra-Sunni purges, the Alawi minority had quickly progressed through the army and the Ba’ath party

Patrick Seale: A hope for a brighter future in conjunction with their history of oppression meant ‘…it was to be expected that Alawis should seek redress for the injustices of the past and should be utterly determined never to be subdued again.’

1950s: This determination transformed into action as the

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